Metals%20Unit

1
Metals Unit

• Metals make up 84 of the 103 elements on a
  standard periodic tablethe elements above 103
  are also metals, but they are relatively rare and
  are man-made.
• Metals have a sea of free moving electrons that
  give them properties of conductivity,
  malleability, and ductility.
• Most all metals have a natural luster in their
  pure form, although some form oxide layers that
  cause them to be dull.

2
Abundance of Metals

• Aluminum is the most abundant metal on the
  earthit is the 3rd most abundant element in the
  earths crust after oxygen and silicon.
• Iron is the second most abundant metal in the
  earths crust, closely followed by calcium.

3
Abundance of Elements In the Earths Crust

• 10 Most Abundant Elements in the Earth's Crust
• Source CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
  77th Edition
• Element Abundance
• Abundance
• percent by weight parts per million by weight
• Oxygen 46.1 461,000
• Silicon 28.2 282,000
• Aluminum 8.23 82,300
• Iron 5.63 56,300
• Calcium 4.15 41,500
• Sodium 2.36 23,600
• Magnesium 2.33 23,300
• Potassium 2.09 20,900
• Titanium 0.565 5,650
• Hydrogen 0.14 1,400

4
Aluminum

• Aluminum is the most abundant metal on Earth, but
  it has had a small impact on man until the
  1900s.
• Aluminum is not found pure in nature and the
  process of isolating aluminum was invented by
  Charles Joseph Bayer in 1887.called the Bayer
  processsee below.(900oC)
• Bauxite ore (Al2O3) is 37-54 aluminum.

5
Aluminum Data Sheet

• Atomic Number 13
• Atomic Mass 26.98 amu
• Electron Config. 1s22s22p63s23p1 .
• Density 2.70 g/cm3
• Melting pt. 660.3oC
• Heat of fusion 10.71 kJ/mol or .09929 kj/g
• Reflectivity 92 visible/98 infrared
• Conductivity 59 of copper/30 coppers density
• Al makes up 8 of the earths solid surface by
  weight.
• It has a low density and moderate strength.

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Aluminum Data Sheet

• Aluminum forms an oxide coating on the outside
  that protects it from further oxidation.
• 33 of aluminum comes from recycled aluminumthis
  saves 95 of the energyyou only have to heat
  aluminum to 660 oC to melt and recycle as opposed
  to over 900oC for purifying it from Al2O3 ore.
• No known form of life uses aluminum salts in
  metabolic processes and organisms tolerate Al
  well.

7
Copper Data Sheet

• Atomic Number 29
• Atomic Mass 63.55 amu
• Electron Config. 1s22s22p63s23p613d104s1.
• Density 8.96 g/cm3
• Melting pt. 1,084.6oC
• Heat of fusion 13.26 kJ/mol
• Reflectivity 30 blue light to 86 red light
• Conductivity The 2nd most conductive metal 94.6
  as conductive as silver.
• Al makes up .0068 of the earths crust by
  weight.
• It has a high ductility and melleability.

8
Copper Data Sheets (contd)

• Alloys of copper
• brass copper zinc
• bronze copper tin
• cupro nickel copper nickel
• Together with cesium and gold (both yellow/gold)
  and osmium (bluish) copper is only one of 4
  metals that are other than grey/silver.
• Copper can be 100 recycled, but recycled copper
  has slight impurities which are difficult to
  remove and cannot be used for electrical
  conductive uses, but is fine for plumbingcopper
  can be joined easily for plumbing applications.

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Top 4 Metals of Conductivity

• Resistivity ?
  (Om) at 20 C s Conductivity (S/m) at 20 C
• Silver 1.5910-8 6.30107
• Copper 1.6810-8 5.96107
• Gold 2.4410-8 4.10107
• Aluminum 2.8210-8 3.5107

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Gold Data Sheets

• Atomic Number 79
• Atomic Mass 196.97 amu
• Electron Config. Gold Z79 Xe 6s1 4f14
  (exception)
• Density 19.3 g/cm3
• Melting pt. 1,064oC
• Heat of fusion 12.5kJ/mol
• Reflectivity 95
• Conductivity The 3rd most conductive metal 65
  as conductive as silver.
• Au makes up 3.1x10-7 of the earths crust by
  weight.
• It has a high ductility and malleability and is
  very resistant to oxidation and acidsaqua regia
  is used to dissolve gold and platinum.
• (mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids 13)

11
Gold Price

• The current price of gold is 1224.30 per ounce.
• http//www.austincoins.com/gold-prices?mm_campaign
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• Link to gold price history

12
Specific Heats of Some Substances

• Substance c in J/gm K
• Aluminum 0.900
• Bismuth 0.123
• Copper 0.386
• Brass 0.380
• Gold 0.126
• Lead 0.128
• Silver 0.233
• Tungsten 0.134
• Zinc 0.387
• Mercury 0.140
• Alcohol(ethyl) 2.4
• Water 4.186
• Ice (-10 C) 2.05
• Granite .790 ..
• Glass .84