Common%20Commercial%20Construction%20Materials

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Chapter 45

• Common Commercial Construction Materials

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Links for Chapter 45
Wood
Steel Construction
Concrete Block
Common Connectors
Poured Concrete
Related Web Sites
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Wood

• Platform construction is similar to residential
  construction
• Walls are framed the same but require a different
  finish to obtain a specific fire rating
• Roof trusses or joists are 24 to 36 o.c.
• Purlins are smaller beams placed between larger
  beams

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Wood
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Wood

• Heavy timber includes members 5 X 5 up to 12 X
  12
• Used for appearance and structural reasons
• Excellent fire-rating
• Represent posts with lines similar to the walls
• Represent beams with dashed lines
• Use text to note both beams and posts

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Wood
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Wood

• Laminated beams are smaller members glued
  together for a stronger beam
• Used in open areas like churches and gyms
• Single-span beams are used in standard platform
  framing
• Tudor and three-hinged arch members are a
  post-and-beam system combined

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Wood

• Beams are represented in four different ways

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Concrete Block

• Concrete blocks are durable and relatively
  inexpensive to maintain and install
• Manufactured in 8 X 8 X 16 modules
• Actual block is smaller to allow for mortar
• Walls even numbered should end in 0 or 8
• Walls odd numbered long should end in 4

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Concrete Block

• Bold lines represent edges of the masonry
• Thin lines represent hatching the edge of the
  wall at 45
• Dimension the size and location of blocks on the
  floor plan
• Pilasters are thick parts of the foundation used
  to carry heavier loads

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Concrete Block
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Concrete Block

• Steel reinforcement, called rebar, improves
  resistance to tension forces
• Rebar ranges from 3/8 to 1 3/8 diameter and is
  deformed or smooth

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Concrete Block

• Steel is centered in the wall cavity
• Specify the quantity of bars, size, direction,
  and grade
• Steel is not drawn in floor plan

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Poured Concrete

• Concrete is made of sand and gravel bonded with
  cement and water
• Steel reinforcement is used inside a form
• Forms are used to pour concrete into
• Show sizes and steel placement on the drawing
• Floors are usually reinforced poured concrete

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Poured Concrete
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Poured Concrete

• Walls or other components are formed off site and
  transported to the job site
• Sections are joined with a metal flange
• Prestressed concrete has cables placed in them
  and they are pulled before the concrete hardens

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Poured Concrete
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Poured Concrete

• Tilt-up is a method of using preformed wall
  panels which are lifted in place
• Concrete is poured around the steel

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Steel Construction

• Steel studs meet requirements for Type 1, 2, and
  3 construction methods
• Designed for rapid assembly
• Lightweight, noncombustible, and strong
• Range in size from 3 5/8 to 10
• Produced with 12 to 20 gage steel
• Specify as 362SJ20 STEEL STUDS BY UNIMAST

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Steel Construction

• Steel joists offer the same advantages over wood
  as steel studs
• Nested joists are placed around another joist
• Available in lengths up to 40
• Can support greater loads over longer spans
• Specify as14K4 OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST_at_32 O.C.

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Steel Construction

• Corrugated steel decking is used for lightweight
  floors
• Steel decking is attached to the floor or roof
  with screws or welds

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Steel Construction

• Prefabricated steel structures are built in
  modular units with given spans, wall heights, and
  lengths
• Tapered members allow a minimum amount of
  material to be used
• Metal siding is screwed to girts to complete the
  wall

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Steel Construction

• The Manual of Steel Construction (AISC) is the
  code book for steel construction

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Steel Construction

• Steel is specified as a plate, bar, or a shape
• Specify sizes, steel type, and other information
  on drawings
• Joints for steel construction are either welded
  or bolted

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Common Connection Methods

• Nails are common connectors for wood less than 1
  1/2 thick
• Must penetrate a connecting member by half of its
  thickness
• Nails are common, deformed, box, and spikes
• Measured as a penny (d)
• Specify as 2 X 6 DFL SILL W/20ds_at_4 O.C.

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Common Connection Methods

• Nailing is determined by how accessible the nail
  head is during construction
• Face Nailing - Nail is driven through face of one
  board into face of another
• End Nailing - Nail goes through face of one board
  into then end of another

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Common Connection Methods

• Nail placing methods
• Toe Nailing - Nails are driven through faces and
  are at 90 to each other
• Blind Nailing - Nails are not seen such as in
  flooring materials
• Edge, field, and boundary nailing refer to the
  placement of nails on the sheathing

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Common ConnectionMethods
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Common Connection Methods

• Staples are used connecting asphalt roofing
  materials
• Power-driven studs are used to anchor wood or
  metal to masonry members

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Common Connection Methods

• Screws are twisted into the material and are
  resistant to withdrawal
• Flathead, roundhead, and lag screws are most
  common
• Specify the diameter, length, type, and if
  washers are used

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Common Connection Methods
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Common Connection Methods

• Metal framing connectors are used to strengthen
  nailed connections
• Specify on plans by listing model number and type
  of connector
• Nails or bolts are used with the metal fastener
  for extra support

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Common Connection Methods
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Common Connection Methods

• Bolts include anchor, machine, and carriage
• Anchor bolts are L-shaped and are inserted into
  the concrete to hold lumber down
• Machine bolts are used to attach steel and wood
  members
• Carriage bolts connect steel to other metal
  members

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Common Connection Methods

• Other bolts include stud, drift, expansion and
  toggle
• Washers keep the bolt head and nut from pulling
  through the wood

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Common Connection Methods
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Common Connection Methods

• Welding provides a rigid connection between
  pieces of steel
• Welded pieces become one
• Welding is stronger, greater resistance to shear
  or rotational forces, and can support greater
  loads
• Specify welds with a symbol and notation

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Common Connection Methods
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Common Connection Methods

• Fillet welds are formed in the internal corner of
  two pieces of steel
• Square groove weld is used when the steel edges
  are perpendicular and joined end to end
• V-groove weld is when the steel forms a V shape

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Common Connection Methods

• Beveled weld is when one piece of steel has a
  beveled edge
• U-groove weld is when two mating pieces form a U
• J-groove weld is when one piece has a
  perpendicular edge and the other has a curved
  grooved edge

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Common Connection Methods
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Common Connection Methods
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Related Web Sites

• American Institute of Steel Construction -
  www.aisc.org
• American Institute of Timber Construction -
  www.aitc-glulam.org
• American Welding Society - www.aws.org
• Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute -
  www.crsi.org
• Steel Joist Institute - www.steeljoist.org