Animal and Plant

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The Cell

• Animal and Plant

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Introduction

• Cells are the basic units of organisms
• Cells can only be observed under microscope
• Two basic types of cells

Animal Cell
Plant Cell
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Plant Cell

• Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibres
• Strong and rigid
• In plant cells only
• Connected to cell membrane

4
Plant Cell

• Cell wall

• Protect and support the enclosed substances
  (protoplasm)
• Resist entry of excess water into the cell
• Give shape to the cell (made of cellulose)

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Plant Cell

• Cell wall

• A dead layer
• Large empty spaces present between cellulose
  fibres
• ?freely permeable

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Plant Cell

• Lies immediately against the cell wall
• Made of protein (receptors, pores, enzymes) and
  lipid (double layerwater fearing) ?Selectively
  permeable (responsible for controlled entry/exit
  of substances
• Double layer of lipids with proteins for cell
  activity.

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Plant Cell

• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
• To trap light energy, to make food by
  photosynthesis

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Plant Cell

• Chloroplast

• Contain starch grains (products of photosynthesis)

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Plant CellS Chloroplast

• Site for photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is when sunlight, H2O, and CO2 are
  use to make glucose and oxygen
• Chlorophyll is a green pigment found here.
• Chlorophyll collects the suns energy.

Chloroplast
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Plant CellS Vacuole

• Membrane organelles that store substances.
• Vacuoles move substances in and/or out of the
  cell.
• Movement in or out of the cell is down by fusing
  with the cell membrane.

Vacuole
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Plant Cell

• large central vacuole
• Surrounded by tonoplast
• Contains cell sap
• a solution of chemicals (sugars, proteins,
  mineral salts, wastes, pigments)

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Cell

• Cell membrane

• A living layer
• Can control the movement of materials into and
  out of the cell

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Cell

• Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
• Provide a medium for chemical reactions to take
  place

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Cell

• Cytoplasm

• Contains organelles and granules
• e.g. chloroplast
• e.g. mitochondrion

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Organelles

• very small size can only be observed under
  electron microscope
• has specific functions
• in cytoplasm

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Cell

• Starch granules
• Oil droplets
• Crystals of insoluble wastes

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Cell

• Rod shape
• Provide cell with
• energy through
• respiration
• Powerhouse of the cell

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Cell

• Mitochondrion( mitochondria )

• Active cells ( eg. sperms, liver cells) have
  more mitochondria

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Cell

• Mitochondrion( mitochondria )

• Double membrane
• bound organelle
• Outersmooth
• Inner twisted
• On the cristae, sugar combines with O2 to
• form ATP (energy source).

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CellS

• Controls the normal
  activities of the cell and
• all cell parts
• Bounded by a
  nuclear membrane
• Contains thread-like chromosomes

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CellS

• Nucleus

• Each cell has fixed
  number of chromosomes
• Chromosomes carry
  genes
• genes control cell characteristics

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CellS

• Nucleus

• Membrane bound
• Communicates using
• nuclear pores
• DNA found here
• Prominent structure are
• the nucleotides

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CellS Golgi bodies

• Single membrane-bound structure.
• Packaging and shipping of a cell.
• Packages are fluid-filled called vesicles.
• Vesicles transport large molecules in cells.

Golgi bodies
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CellS Ribosome

• Site of protein synthesis.
• Read code found in RNA.
• Assemble proteins cells need for growth and
  different functions.

Ribosome pic
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CellS Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Connects outer nuclear membrane with the cell
  membrane.
• Function as channels within the cell.
• Two types Smooth and Rough.
• Smooth are for fat and membrane protein
  production.
• Rough have ribosomes on its surface and
  synthesize other proteins

Endoplasmic reticulum
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Different kinds of plant cells
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Animal cell
cytoplasm
vacuole

• No cell wall or chloroplast

nucleus

• Stores glycogen granules and oil droplets in the
  cytoplasm

mitochondrion
cell membrane
glycogen granule
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Different kinds of animal cells
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Similarities between plant cells and animal cells

• Both have a cell membrane surrounding the
  cytoplasm

• Both have a nucleus

• Both contain mitochondria, ER, Gogli Apparatus,
  and ribosomes

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Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Relatively smaller in size
Relatively larger in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
Cell wall present
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Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Large central vacuole
Glycogen granules as food store
Starch granules as food store
Nucleus at the centre
Nucleus near cell wall
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MUST KNOW Vocabulary
Cell Membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Golgi
bodies Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Plan
t Cell Cell Wall Chloroplast
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