Title: Immune System
1 2- terms
- Pathogen
- Antigen
- Antibody
- Allergen
- Vaccine
- What are lymphocytes? Where do B cells and T
cells mature?
3- What is the difference between innate vs.
adaptive immunity? - Contrast the functions of B cells and T cells.
- How are antigens recognized by immune system
cells? - What are memory cells?
- How does HIV affect the immune system?
4THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
5What you must know
- Several elements of an innate immune response
- The differences between B and T cells relative to
their activation and actions. - How antigens are recognized by immune system
cells - The differences in humoral and cell-mediated
immunity - Why Helper T cells are central to immune responses
6Types of Immunity
Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity
Non-specific All plants animals Pathogen-specific Only in vertebrates Involves B and T cells
7Plant Defenses
- Nonspecific responses
- Receptors recognize pathogen molecules ? trigger
defense responses - Thicken cell wall, produce antimicrobial
compounds, cell death - Localize effects
8Figure 43.2
Pathogens(such as bacteria,fungi, and viruses)
Barrier defenses
INNATE IMMUNITY(all animals)
SkinMucous membranesSecretions
Internal defenses
Phagocytic cellsNatural killer
cellsAntimicrobial proteinsInflammatory response
Rapid response
Humoral response
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY(vertebrates only)
Antibodies defend againstinfection in body
fluids.
Cell-mediated response
Cytotoxic cells defendagainst infection in body
cells.
Slower response
9- Antimicrobial Proteins
- Interferons (inhibit viral reproduction)
- Complement system (30 proteins, membrane attack
complex)
- Barrier Defenses
- Skin
- Mucous membranes
- Lysozyme (tears, saliva, mucus)
Innate Immunity (non-specific)
- Natural Killer Cells
- Virus-infected and cancer cells
- Inflammatory Response
- Mast cells release histamine
- Blood vessels dilate, increase permeability
(redness, swelling) - Deliver clotting agents, phagocytic cells
- Fever
- Phagocytic WBCs
- Neutrophils (engulf)
- Macrophage (big eaters)
- Eosinophils (parasites)
- Dendritic cells (adaptive response)
10Phagocytosis
11Inflammatory Response
12Lymphatic System involved in adaptive immunity
- network of tissues and organs that consists
of lymph vessels, lymph nodes and lymph
(fluid) - lymphatic tissue of these organs
filters and cleans the lymph of any debris,
abnormal cells, or pathogens
13 14Adaptive Response
- Lymphocytes (WBCs) produced by stem cells in
bone marrow - T cells mature in thymus
- helper T, cytotoxic T
- B cells stay and mature in bone marrow
- plasma cells ? antibodies
15- Antigen substance that elicits lymphocyte
response - Antibody (immunoglobulin Ig) protein made by B
cell that binds to antigens
16Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- Proteins displayed on cell surface
- Responsible for tissue/organ rejection (self
vs. non-self) - B and T cells bind to MHC molecule in adaptive
response - Class I all body cells (except RBCs)
- Class II displayed by immune cells non-self
17Proliferation of B Cells and T Cells
- In the body there are few lymphocytes with
antigen receptors for any particular epitope - In the lymph nodes, an antigen is exposed to a
steady stream of lymphocytes until a match is
made - This binding of a mature lymphocyte to an antigen
initiates events that activate the lymphocyte
18- Once activated, a B or T cell undergoes multiple
cell divisions - This proliferation of lymphocytes is called
clonal selection - Two types of clones are produced short-lived
activated effector cells that act immediately
against the antigen and long-lived memory cells
that can give rise to effector cells if the same
antigen is encountered again
19Antigen-presenting cell
Cell-Mediated Immune Response (T Cells)
Humoral Immune Response (antibodies)
Helper T cell
B cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Plasma cell
Identify and destroy
tag for destruction
Infected cell
Antibodies
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21Immunological Memory
- Primary immune response 1st exposure to antigen
- Memory cells
- Secondary immune response repeat exposure ?
faster, greater response
22Figure 43.14
B cells thatdiffer inantigenspecificity
Antigen
Antigenreceptor
Antibody
Plasma cells
Memory cells
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25Adaptive immunity defends against infection of
body fluids and body cells
- Acquired immunity has two branches
- humoral immune response and
- cell-mediated immune response
- humoral immune response antibodies help
neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in
the blood and lymph - cell-mediated immune response specialized T cells
destroy affected host cells
26Types of Cells (and molecules) InvolvedBasic
Response video
27Helper T Cells A Response to Nearly All Antigens
- triggers both the humoral and cell-mediated
immune responses - initiate production of antibodies that neutralize
pathogens and activate T cells that kill infected
cells - Antigen-presenting cells have class I and class
II MHC molecules on their surfaces
28- Class II MHC molecules are the basis upon which
antigen-presenting cells are recognized - Antigen receptors on the surface of helper T
cells bind to the antigen and the class II MHC
molecule then signals are exchanged between the
two cells - The helper T cell is activated, proliferates, and
forms a clone of helper T cells, which then
activate the appropriate B cells
29Figure 43.16
Antigen-presentingcell
Antigen fragment
Pathogen
Class II MHC molecule
Accessory protein
Antigen receptor
Helper T cell
?
?
Cytokines
Cell-mediatedimmunity
Humoralimmunity
?
?
B cell
Cytotoxic T cell
30Cytotoxic T Cells A Response to Infected Cells
- the effector cells in the cell-mediated immune
response - recognize fragments of foreign proteins produced
by infected cells - activated cytotoxic T cell secretes proteins that
disrupt the membranes of target cells and trigger
apoptosis
31Figure 43.17-3
Cytotoxic T cell
ReleasedcytotoxicT cell
Accessoryprotein
Dyinginfected cell
Antigenreceptor
Perforin
Class I MHCmolecule
Gran-zymes
Pore
Infectedcell
Antigenfragment
32B Cells and Antibodies A Response to
Extracellular Pathogens
- The humoral response is characterized by
secretion of antibodies by B cells - involves B cells and helper T cells as well as
proteins on the surface of pathogens - In response to cytokines from helper T cells and
an antigen, a B cell proliferates and
differentiates into memory B cells and antibody
secreting effector cells called plasma cells
33Figure 43.18-3
Antigen-presentingcell
Pathogen
Antigenfragment
B cell
Memory B cells
Class IIMHCmolecule
?
Accessoryprotein
Cytokines
Antigenreceptor
Activatedhelper T cell
Plasma cells
Helper T cell
Secretedantibodies
34Antibody Function
- Antibodies do not kill pathogens instead they
mark pathogens for destruction - In neutralization, the antigen can no longer
cause damage because its physically bound - Antibodies may also bind to toxins in body fluids
and prevent them from entering body cells
35- In opsonization, antigen is marked for
phagocytosis and destruction (by antibodies) - leads to lysis of foreign cell
36Figure 43.19
Activation of complement system and poreformation
Opsonization
Neutralization
Complement proteins
Antibody
Formation of membraneattack complex
Bacterium
Virus
Flow of waterand ions
Pore
Antigen
Foreigncell
Macrophage
37- B cells can express five different forms (or
classes) of immunoglobulin (Ig) with similar
antigen-binding specificity but different heavy
chain C regions - IgD Membrane bound
- IgM First soluble class produced
- IgG Second soluble class most abundant
- IgA and IgE Remaining soluble classes
38- Immunizations/vaccines induce immune memory to
nonpathogenic microbe or toxin - Passive immunity via antibodies in breast milk
- Allergies hypersensitive responses to harmless
antigens - Autoimmune Diseases
- Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Type I diabetes,
multiple sclerosis - HIV infect Helper T cells
- AIDS severely weakened immune system
39vaccines
40Immune Rejection
- Cells transferred from one person to another can
be attacked by immune defenses - This complicates blood transfusions or the
transplant of tissues or organs - ABO Blood Groups
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42Tissue and Organ Transplants
- MHC molecules are different among genetically
non-identical individuals - Differences in MHC molecules stimulate rejection
of tissue grafts and organ transplants - bone marrow transplants lymphocytes may cause
the donor tissue to reject the recipient - Immunosuppressive drugs facilitate
transplantation
43Figure 43.22
Histamine
IgE
Allergen
Granule
Mast cell
44Allergies
- the allergen enters the body, it binds to mast
cellassociated IgE molecules - Mast cells release histamine ? vascular changes ?
allergy symptoms
45Autoimmune Diseases
- the immune system turns against certain molecules
of the body - diseases - systemic lupus erythematosus,
rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus, and multiple sclerosis (ms)
46Exertion, Stress, and the Immune System
- Moderate exercise improves immune system function
- Psychological stress has been shown to disrupt
immune system regulation by altering the
interactions of the hormonal, nervous, and immune
systems - Sufficient rest is also important for immunity
47Immunodeficiency Diseases
- Inborn immunodeficiency results from hereditary
or developmental defects that prevent proper
functioning of innate, humoral, and/or
cell-mediated defenses - Acquired immunodeficiency develops later in life
and results from exposure to chemical and
biological agents - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is
caused by a virus
48Latency
- Some viruses may remain in a host in an inactive
state called latency - Herpes simplex viruses can be present in a human
host without causing symptoms
49Attack on the Immune System HIV
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects helper
T cells - The loss of helper T cells impairs both the
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and
leads to AIDS - HIV eludes the immune system because of antigenic
variation and an ability to remain latent while
integrated into host DNA
50Figure 43.25
Latency
AIDS
Relative anti-HIV antibodyconcentration
800
Relative HIVconcentration
600
Helper T cell concentration(in blood (cells/mm3)
Helper T cellconcentration
400
200
0
0
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
Years after untreated infection
51- People with AIDS are highly susceptible to
opportunistic infections and cancers that take
advantage of an immune system in collapse - The spread of HIV is a worldwide problem
- The best approach for slowing this spread is
education about practices that transmit the virus
52Cancer and Immunity
- The frequency of certain cancers increases when
adaptive immunity is impaired - 20 of all human cancers involve viruses
- The immune system can act as a defense against
viruses that cause cancer and cancer cells that
harbor viruses - In 2006, a vaccine was released that acts against
human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus associated
with cervical cancer