Biology Chapters 8 and 9:

1
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration

• Energy in a substance
• Measured by how much heat it releases
• Energy is measured in calories
• One calorie heats one gram of water one degree
  Celsius
• Food energy is measured in Calories
• One Calorie 1 kilocalorie (1000 calories)
• Cells release the energy in glucose to make ATP
  molecules

2
ATP Molecule
Adenine
3 Phosphate groups
Ribose
What would ADP look like?
3

• The breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the
  form of ATP is called Cellular Respiration.
• Occurs in the mitochondria of all
• eukaryotic cells (plant animal)

4

• Equation for Aerobic cellular respiration
• 6O2 C6H12O6 ? 6CO2 6H2O energy
• (reactants) (products)
• Oxygen glucose ? carbon dioxide water
  energy
• Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis,
  breaks glucose into 2 smaller molecules (pyruvate
  makes 2 ATPs)
• These 2 ATPs are burned to make many more later.
• After glycolysis, what happens next depends on
  whether or not oxygen is present.

5
If oxygen is present It is called Aerobic
Cellular Respiration, which consists of A total
of 36 ATPs a lot!
6

• Anaerobic Cellular Respiration-Fermentation
• If no oxygen is present, cells make
• ATP energy through this process.
• The ATP total is only 2, compared to 36 for
  aerobic respiration.
• There are two types of fermentation that begin
  with glycolysis, but occur in different types of
  organisms.

7

• Alcoholic Fermentation
• Occur in yeasts and microorganisms
• Produces ethanol (alcohol, what we drink in
  alcoholic beverages), carbon dioxide, and 2
  ATPs.
• Important to the alcoholic beverage industry and
  to the baking industry
• The CO2 makes the bubbles in beer or air spaces
  in rising bread

8

• Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Occurs in animal muscle cells.
• Happens when animals become breathless,
  especially during physical activity (exercise).
• Causes muscle cramps and sore muscles.
• Products lactic acid 2 ATPs

9

• Slowing down and catching your breath switches
  you back to aerobic respiration.
• Dont exercise to the point of
• breathlessness!
• Some bacteria that go through lactic acid
  fermentation are used in the food and beverage
  industry
• Cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles,
  sauerkraut

10
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Comparison
Alcoholic In common Lactic acid
Yeast cells Either of these forms produces only 2 ATPs. Animal muscle cells
Produces alcohol, CO2 Isnt much, and its better for cells to run aerobic respiration. Produces lactic acid (muscle soreness)
11
Comparing photosynthesis and respiration
12
Photosynthesis and respiration are opposite
processes

• Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from air
• Cellular respiration puts it back
• Photosynthesis puts oxygen into air
• Respiration removes it
• Photosynthesis captures energy and converts it
  into glucose
• Respiration releases the energy from glucose