MACRO-PROPAGATION OF Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich Munro) From Culm Cuttings

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MACRO-PROPAGATION OF Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A.
Rich Munro) From Culm Cuttings
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By

• Eiman E. E. Diab
• Institute of Environment and Natural Recourses,
  National Centre for Research, Khartoum
• Ahmed M. A. Eldoma
• Faculty of Forestry and Range Science, Sudan
  University for Science and Technology, Khartoum,
  Sudan
• Syadat E. Mohamed
• Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum,
  Khartoum, Sudan

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Introduction

• Bamboo is a group of the family Poaceae,
  subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae. Some of
  its members are giant bamboos, forming by far the
  largest member of the grass family.
• There are 91 genera and about 1000 species of
  bamboos. They are found in diverse climates
  within the tropical and subtropical regions of
  the world .
• They are perennial, fast-growing woody grasses
  and are capable of producing utilizable annual
  production

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• In Sudan there are two indigenous bamboos
• Arundinaria alpina found only in the upper
  reaches of the Imatong Mountains
• Oxytenantherea abyssinica found on hill slopes
  and along Khors in southern region, Nuba
  Mountains, Jebel Eldair in Kordofan and Ingassana
  area of Blue Nile State.

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• Sudan is the largest African country which covers
  an area of about 2.5 million Km2. It is located
  between Lat. 4 - 22º N and Long. 22 - 36º E.
  Sudan is administratively divided into 25 States.
  The most salient geographic feature is the River
  Nile and tributaries, which traverse the country
  from south to north.
• The country consists of various climatic zones
  resulting in different ecological and vegetation
  zones from north to the south. The climate is
  controlled by the relationships between the dry
  continental airflow from the north and the moist
  airflow from the south and southwest, originating
  from the Atlantic and Indian oceans
• These two airflows control the distribution of
  the rainfall over the various regions of the
  country. Accordingly, the fall duration and the
  length of the rainy season gradually increase
  from north to the south throughout the country,
  though the effect of local topography can have
  significant effects (Jebel Marra and Imatong
  mountains). The average rainfall ranges from 4 mm
  at Wadi Halfa in the north to over 2000 mm at
  Gilo in the Imatong Mountains in the south
• The soils of the country can be classified as 60
  sandy, 30 heavy cracking clays and 10 red soils
  of different types The combination of rainfall
  and soil texture determines the distribution of
  vegetation.

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Sudan-Land Cover Map
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• The total World Forest cover is estimated as 4077
  Million hectares in 1990. It was reduced to 3953
  Million hectares by 2005 (FAO, 2005).
• The forest area in Africa is estimated at 635
  million hectares, equivalent to 21 percent of the
  total land area, or about 0.7 hectares per
  person. The net loss of forests remains
  alarmingly high at an estimate of 4.0 million
  hectares per annum between 2000 and 2005.
  However, presently the rate of loss is decreasing
  when compared to the 1990s and now it is lower
  than previously assessed

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• Plantations of Oxytenantherea abyssinica had been
  established in Hedaibiate, ElGaziair in the early
  fifties and Abu Geili Forest and Twala Forest in
  the nineties.
• Exotic bamboos were introduced and planted for
  decorative purposes e. g. Dendrocalamus strictus,
  Bambusa vulgaris in the botanical garden in
  Khartoum.

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• Bamboos with their rapid growth and versatile use
  could participate in alleviation of poverty
  through income generation.
• It can be integrated into the farming systems
  where a few clumps of bamboos could be grown
  scattered in the farms in some areas in the
  Sudan.
• These clumps could meet the needs of the farmer
  and could augment his income by the sale of its
  products.

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Methods of Bamboo Propagation

• Vegetative Propagation
• The bamboo plant consists of three morphological
  parts- the aerial part (the culm) and two
  underground parts (the rhizome and root). A
  bamboo propagule must develop all three
  structures. Failure in development of any of
  these structures leads to failure of a propagule.

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• Due to the scarcity of seeds, bamboo is generally
  propagated by vegetative methods. These include
• Clump division-offset rhizom,
• Whole culm cutting,
• Layering,
• Culm-segment cutting,
• Branch cutting and
• Macroproliferation.

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The problem

• The vegetation phase of the species takes a long
  time, flowering and consequently the production
  of seeds occurs sporadically after a long time
  estimated as (30-40 years).
• Moreover the seeds viability span is short,
  lasting not more than 3 months under normal
  storage conditions in the Sudan.
• Also, unlike other bamboos it could not be easily
  vegetatively propagated by ordinary nursery
  techniques from culms cuttings.
• Therefore, vegetative propagation at macro and
  should to be addressed.

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• Objectives
• The objectives of this work were to To find
  optimum vegetative methods of propagation of the
  species at macro scale.
• The main objective of this investigation was to
  establish a protocol for a successful propagation
  of Oxytenanthera abyssinica from culm cuttings at
  normal nursery conditions.
• The specific objectives were to investigate the
  effect of season (Summer and Winter), type of
  cutting (one and two nodded cuttings), method of
  planting (horizontal-vertical planting), position
  on the culm from where cuttings were taken (top,
  middle and basal part of the culm) and different
  IBA concentrations on inducing rooting of
  cuttings

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• Therefore, the main objective of this
  investigation was to establish a protocol for a
  successful propagation of Oxytenanthera
  abyssinica from culm cuttings at normal nursery
  conditions. The specific objectives were to
  investigate the effect of season (Summer and
  Winter), type of cutting (one and two nodded
  cuttings), method of planting (horizontal-vertical
  planting), position on the culm from where
  cuttings were taken (top, middle and basal part
  of the culm) and different IBA concentrations on
  inducing rooting of cuttings

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Treatment applied to cutting for macro
vegetative propagation
Treatment description Treatments level Treatment
1- one-nodded cutting. 2 Type of node
2- two-nodded cutting. 2 Type of node
1- top part. 3 Position of cutting in the culm
2- middle part. 3 Position of cutting in the culm
3- basal part. 3 Position of cutting in the culm
1- vertical method. 2 Method of planting
2- horizontal method 2 Method of planting
4000 ppm 4 IBA concentration
2000 ppm 4 IBA concentration
1000 ppm 4 IBA concentration
0 ppm 4 IBA concentration
Summer and Winter season 2 Season when the experiment was conducted
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• Culm cuttings were prepared from new culms (less
  than one-year-old) from clumps of Oxytenanthera
  abyssinica at Abu Gaili Forest near Sinner (Blue
  Nile State at latitude 13? 36? and longitude 23?
  36?). The new culms were examined morphologically
  to ascertain the existence of buds, which may
  grow and form culms.
• Two types of cuttings were prepared viz.
  One-nodded cuttings, approximately 25 cm in
  length and 5 cm in diameter and two-nodded
  cuttings, approximately 40 cm in length and 5 cm
  in diameter.
• The cuttings were defoliated and the axillary
  buds were left intact. Approximately equal
  proportions of the internodes were left on both
  sides of the single-nodded and two nodded
  cuttings. Cuttings were prepared from the top,
  middle and basal part of the culms.

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Materials and Methods

• Plant Material
• Culm cuttings were prepared from new culms (less
  than one-year-old) from clumps of Oxytenanthera
  abyssinica at Abu Gaili Forest near Sinner (Blue
  Nile State at latitude 13? 36? and longitude 23?
  36?). The new culms were examined morphologically
  to ascertain the existence of buds, which may
  grow and form culms. Two types of cuttings were
  prepared viz. One-nodded cuttings, approximately
  25 cm in length and 5 cm in diameter and
  two-nodded cuttings, approximately 40 cm in
  length and 5 cm in diameter.
• The cuttings were defoliated and the axillary
  buds were left intact. Approximately equal
  proportions of the internodes were left on both
  sides of the single-nodded and two nodded
  cuttings. Cuttings were prepared from the top,
  middle and basal part of the culms.

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• Experimental Design and treatments
• An experiment was performed utilizing a
  completely randomized design in a factorial
  setting. Treatments used included IBA
  concentrations at 4 levels (4000, 2000, 1000 and
  0.000 ppm) x 2 methods of planting (horizontal
  and vertical) x 2 types of cuttings (one nodded
  and two nodded cuttings) x 3 positions on the
  culm from where cuttings were taken (top, middle
  and basal part). Treatments were replicated ten
  times.
• Auxin preparation and mode of application
• Indole-3-butryic acid (IBA) was prepared to the
  required concentrations of 4000, 2000, 1000 and 0
  ppm as control. The dip method was used
  throughout and the basal ends of the prepared
  cuttings were dipped in the prepared IBA
  solutions, which were put in a plastic tray. The
  treated cuttings were left for 16-20 hrs in the
  solutions at laboratory temperature (24-25?C).
• They were then planted in a soil medium
  consisting of a thin layer of silt covered with
  sand. This mixture was placed on concrete beds of
  150x50x30 cm. The beds were covered with plastic
  sheets laid on a metal frame about 30-50 cm above
  the ground to create suitable conditions for
  rooting and to maintain high relative humidity.
  Planted cuttings were kept moist by daily
  watering and were given all necessary care and
  protection.
• The experiment was performed twice in summer and
  winter where the mean maximum temperature was
  about 40? C and 14?C respectively.

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• Growth Parameters and Data Analysis
• Data on shoot length, root length, number of
  sprouted and rooted cuttings were recorded
  periodically for five months. Analysis of
  variance was carried out using Statistical
  Analysis Systems (SAS) and means were separated
  using Fisher protected L.S.D.

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Results
Table (1) Effect of season on performance of the
cuttings of Oxytenanthera abyssinica, after five
months in the nursery.
Season Sprouting cuttings Rooting cuttings Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm) Root number
Summer 32.0 b 30.0 b 22.0 b 12.5 b 2.4 b
Winter 49.2 a 42.0 a 32.0 a 18.1 a a
Means followed by different letters are
significantly different at Plt0.05 using Fisher
protected L.S.D.
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Plate (1) Successful rooting cuttings of
Oxythentherea abysssinica treated with 4000ppm
IBA in winter (9- month)
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Table (2) Effect of position of cuttings in the
culm on the performance of cuttings of
Oxytenanthera abyssinica in summer and winter,
after five months in the nursery
Position in the culm Season Sprouting cuttings Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm) Root number
Upper parts Summer 17.0 c 14.9 c 0 c 0 c
Upper parts Winter 24.0 c 17.6 c 0 c 0 c
Middle part Summer 33.8 b 22.9 b 12.0 b 3.4 b
Middle part Winter 35.0 b 24.5 b 15.7 a 4.8 a
Basal part Summer 38.6 b 28.6 a 13.6 b 4.2 a
Basal part Winter 44.0 a 30.4 a 16.8 a 5.4 a
Means in the same column followed by different
letters, are significantly
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Table (3) Effect of type of cuttings in the
performance of cuttings of Oxytenanthera
abyssinica in summer and winter season, after
five months in the nursery
Type of node Season Sprouting cuttings Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm) Root number
Single node Summer 33.0 c 29.3a 13.7 b 2.7 b
Single node Winter 38.0 c 31.9 a 15.2 a 2.9 b
Double node Summer 54.0 b 30.1 a 15.2 a 4.2 a
Double node Winter 68.0 a 33.1 a 16.7 a 5.1 a
Means in the same column followed by different
letters, are significantly different (Plt0.05)
using Fisher protected L. S. D
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Table (4) Effect of IBA concentrations on the
performance of cuttings of Oxytenanthera
abyssinica after five months in the nursery
IBA con. Ppm Season Sprouting cuttings Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm) Root number
0 Summer 22.0 d 16.8 c 0.0 c 0.0 f
0 Winter 25.0 c 27.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 d
1000 Summer 25.9 c 26.0 b 4.2 b 0.5 c
1000 Winter 28.0 c 27.0 b 6.0 b 1.5 c
2000 Summer 33.2 b 27.0 b 14.1a 3.2 b
2000 Winter 33.9 b 30.0 a 15.7 a 4.0 a
4000 Summer 38.8 b 31.0 a 16.3 a 4.8 a
4000 Winter 46.0 a 33.0 a 17.7 a 5.9 a
Means in the same column followed by different
letters, are significantly different (Plt0.05)
using Fisher protected L. S. D
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Plate (2) Successful rooting cuttings of
Oxythentherea abysssinica treated with 4000ppm
IBA In Winter Season
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Plate (3) Rooting cuttings, treated with 4000 ppm
of IBA in winter 9 month after planting.
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• Effect of method of planting
• The method of planting vertically or
  horizontally, produced significant effect on the
  percentage of sprouting, rooting cuttings, the
  shoot and root length. The cuttings planted
  horizontally gave successful propagules whereas
  the vertically planted ones especially the two
  nodded cuttings failed to sprout successfully in
  summer and winter seasons.

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• Conclusion
• One year or less old culms are more suitable as
  explants for cuttings.
• Winter is the best season for propagation from
  cuttings where the percentage of rooted-cuttings
  reached 42 while it reached 30 in summer.
• Cuttings taken from the basal and middle part of
  the culm gave a higher rooting percentage 36.8
  and 44 respectively than the cuttings taken from
  the upper part of the culm, which failed to
  produce roots.
• Two-noded cuttings gave the highest rooting
  cuttings, which reached 44.7 while those from
  one-noded cuttings reached 33.2. hence it is
  recommended that 2-noded cuttings be used for
  propagation followed by one noded cuttings.
• Horizontally planted cuttings rooted while those
  vertically planted failed to root. It is
  therefore recommended that cuttings be
  horizontally planted for propagation from
  cuttings.
• In winter season cuttings treated with IBA at
  4000, 2000, 1000 ppm gave 46, 34.4, 16.5
  percentage of rooted cuttings respectively while
  cuttings treated with no IBA (control) failed to
  rood. It is recommended to use 4000 ppm followed
  by 2000 ppm and only 1000 ppm in case of scarcity
  of IBA.

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Thanks for Listening