PHONETICS

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• PHONETICS
• Study of the physical properties of
  speech-sounds
• how they are made
• how they are heard
• how they are transmitted
• PHONOLOGY
• Study of the linguistic properties of
  speech-sounds
• the sound system of language
• the sound systems of individual languages

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• PHONETICS
• Study of the physical properties of
  speech-sounds
• Articulatory Phonetics
• how they are made
• Auditory Phonetics
• how they are heard
• Acoustic Phonetics
• how they are transmitted

3

• PHONETICS
• Study of the physical properties of
  speech-sounds
• how they are made
• how they are heard
• how they are transmitted
• PHONOLOGY
• Study of the linguistic properties of
  speech-sounds
• the sound system of language
• the sound systems of individual languages

4

• PHONETICS
• Universal the study of the sounds produced in
  human speech
• PHONOLOGY
• Local the study of the sound system of one
  single language or variety of language

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The Talking White Male Head
(Ladefoged p.2)
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Daniel Jones, 1918, An Outline of English
Phonetics Frontispiece from the 9th edition, 1972
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Phonetic symbols are shown in square brackets
e
Phonological symbols are shown in slashes
/e/
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phonesphonemesallophones
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phonesphonemesallophones
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phonessounds of language
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Segments

• How fine can you slice language?

• sentence
• phrase
• word
• syllable
• letter ... ?

Review the slide on Slicing Language in the
first week .
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Letters ?

• cat rat
• cat cot
• cat cap

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Letters ?

• cat rat
• cat cot
• cat cap

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Letters ?

• cat coat caught
• k V t
• code keyed
• k V d
• right write rite
• r V t

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Segments

• How thin can you slice language?

• sentence
• phrase
• word
• syllable
• letter .......

phone
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• cat rat
• cat cot
• cat cap
• top stop
• lip milk
• code cold

significant difference - different word
non-significant different - change impossible
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significant

• cat rat
• cat cot
• cat cap
• top stop
• lip milk
• code cold

meaning
non-predictable
non-significant
structure
predictable
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• cat rat
• cat cot
• cat cap
• top stop
• lip milk
• code cold

PHONEMES
ALLOPHONES
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• phones are either
• phonemes
• significant sound differences
• meaning-based choice
• allophones
• non-significant sound differences
• fixed choice

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• How can we tell whether a sound is a phoneme or
  an allophone?
• Minimal pairs

cat rat cat cot cat cap
kæt ræt kæt kot kæt kæp
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Minimal pairs

• cat rat
• tight tide
• core score
• nose knows
• Korea career
• service surface

• kæt ræt
• tait taid
• kO(r) skO(r)
• n0uz n0uz
• k01ri0 k01ri0
• k01ri0 k01rir

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Minimal pairs

• service surface
• show sew
• make maid
• ghost toast
• wail whale

• 1sEvis 1sEfis
• 1sErvis 1sErfis
• 1sEv0s 1sEf0s
• S0u s0u
• meik meid
• g0ust t0ust
• weil weil
• weil Weil

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Minimal contexts

• pressure measure
• fission vision

• 1preS0 1meG0
• 1fiS0n 1viG0n

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Allophones

• top stop
• pie spy
• care scare

• top stop
• pai spai
• ke0 ske0
• ker sker

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Allophones

• top stop
• pie spy
• care scare
• No free choice between p and pH.
• Complementary distribution

• tHop stop
• pHai spai
• kHe0 ske0
• kHer sker

Compementary angles
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/ /
phoneme


allophone
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phoneme
allophone
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from http//www.hi.is/peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/phone
mes.html
Usually, of course, the different ALLOPHONES of
the same PHONEME are all similar to each other -
they form a FAMILY of sounds. But we mustn't fall
into the trap of thinking that ALLOPHONIC
difference is small while PHONEMIC difference is
large. There is actually no real difference
between these differences! We can see this by the
fact that the same difference can be allophonic
in one language, and phonemic in another.
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• seat sheet
• massive machine
• basic nation

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She is fine as morn in May, mild, divine and
clever. Like a shining summers day she is mine
for ever.
Sr. Sigurður Norland í Hindisvík
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Mitsubishi
Subaru
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phoneme
allophone
Mitsubishi
Subaru
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(No Transcript)
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this theatre
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think this thought
þ
ð
þ
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þessi þýðing
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þessi þýðing
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The lateral - l

• lip
• yellow
• mill
• miller
• milk
• people

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l
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phoneme
allophone
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The phoneme /l/ is light before a vowel,
otherwise dark
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The lateral - l
lip yellow mill miller milk people
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(No Transcript)
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trouble follows the blameless milkman like a
wealthy lawyer trÆbl fol0uz ð0 bleimlis
milkm0n laik 0 welþ lOj0
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lay play splay clay exclaim
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(from week 6)
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Does it follow k or p in a stressed syllable?
Is it followed by a vowel?
mill milk
lay yellow
clay play