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The Solar System

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Title: The Solar System


1
Chapter 20
  • The Solar System

2
Solar System
3
Solar System
4
Section 20-1 Observing the Solar System
  • Geocentric System Ptolemy developed the
    Geocentric Theory that the Earth is at the center
    of the revolving planets.
  • Heliocentric System Later, during the 1500s,
    Nicolaus Copernicus developed a new model, the
    Heliocentric System, which is the Earth and the
    other planets revolve around the sun.

5
20-1 Galileo
  • Galileo lived nearly 100 years later after
    Copernicus. He made two discoveries supporting
    the Heliocentric Theory
  • First, he saw four moons revolving around around
    Jupiter.
  • Second, he saw that Venus goes through phases
    similar to those of Earths moon.

6
20-1 Kepler
  • Kepler discovered that the orbit of each planet
    is an ellipse. An ellipse is an elongated
    circle, or oval shape. However, he could not
    explain how the planets stayed in orbit.

7
20-1 Newton
  • The English scientist Isaac Newton provided the
    answer. Newton concluded two factors
  • Inertia a moving object will continue to move
    until a force acts to stop its motion. This
    tendency of a moving object to continue in a
    straight line or of a stationary object to remain
    in place is the objects inertia.
  • Gravity the force that attracts all objects
    toward each other.
  • Newton figured out that Earth keeps pulling the
    moon toward it with gravity, while the moon keeps
    moving ahead because of its inertia.

8
20-2 The Sun
  • The suns mass is 99.8 percent of all the mass in
    the solar system.
  • Because the sun is so large, its gravity is
    strong enough to hold all of the planets and
    comets in orbit.
  • The sun has an interior and an atmosphere. The
    sun is a ball of glowing gas that is about ¾
    hydrogen, and ¼ helium.

9
The Sun
10
20-2 Nuclear Fusion
  • The suns energy comes from nuclear fusion.
  • In the process of nuclear fusion, hydrogen atoms
    join together to form helium. The temperature
    inside the core reaches about 15 million degrees
    Celsius. The energy produced by nuclear fusion,
    including light and heat, moves from the core
    through the suns atmosphere and into space.
    Some of the light and heat reaches Earth, giving
    Earths its main source of energy.

11
The Suns Makeup
12
20-2 The Suns Makeup
  • The suns atmosphere has three layers
  • The Photosphere the inner layer of the suns
    atmosphere that makes light. Photolight.
  • The Chromosphere At the beginning and end of a
    solar eclipse, you can see a reddish glow around
    the photosphere. This glow comes from the
    middle layer of the suns atmosphere.
    Chromocolor.
  • The Corona In the middle of a total solar
    eclipse, the moon also blocks light from the
    chromosphere. At these times an even fainter
    layer, the corona, is visible. The corona sends
    out a stream of electrically charged particles
    called solar winds, which sometimes reaches
    Earths North and South Poles, creating rippling
    sheets of light in the sky called auroras.

13
20-2 Suns Features
  • Features on or above the suns surface include
  • Sunspots areas of gas on the sun that are cooler
    than the gases around them. The cooler gases
    give off less light, causing dark spots.
  • Prominences Reddish loops of gas.
  • Solar Flares the energy heats gas on the sun to
    millions of degrees Celsius, causing the gas to
    explode out in space.

14
The Suns Spots
15
Sun Prominences
16
Sun Flares
17
Solar Eclipse
18
20-3
  • The Inner Planets

19
Terrestrial Planets
  • Mercury
  • Venus
  • Earth
  • Mars

20
Mercury
  • Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. The
    planets interior is probably made of iron and
    nickel. The side facing the sun reaches
    temperatures of 430 C during the day, and at
    night 170 C.
  • Mercury has no moons.

21
Mercury
22
Venus
  • Venus is similar in size to Earth. Venus rotates
    east to west, the opposite direction from most of
    the planets, this is called retrograde rotation.

23
Venus
24
Mars
  • Mars is called the red planet. Its surface is
    covered with red dust. Mars is being
    investigated for life, astronomers may have found
    water in the form of ice. Mars also has seasons,
    tilted on its axis like Earth.
  • Mars also has two moons Phobos and Deimes.

25
Mars
26
Mars Moons
  • phobos" is Greek for "fear

27
Mars Moons
  • deimos" is Greek for "panic

28
20-4
  • The Outer Planet

29
The Four Outer Planet
  • The four outer planets, called gas giants, due to
    their largeness and surfaces not being solid, gas
    balls.
  • Jupiter
  • Saturn
  • Uranus
  • Neptune

30
Gas Giants
  • Gas grants have so much mass, they have a
    stronger gravitational force this prevents
    their gases from escaping.

31
Jupiter
32
Jupiter Red Spot
33
Jupiter
  • Jupiter is the most massive planet. Its
    atmosphere is colorful with a Great Red Spot,
    which is an area of swirling clouds. Jupiter has
    17 moons.

34
Jupiter
  • Scientists have spotted what appear to be
    thunderheads on Jupiter bright white cumulus
    clouds similar to those that bring thunderstorms
    on Earth

35
Jupiters Moon Io
36
Jupiter Volcano Hot Spots
37
Saturn
38
Saturn
  • 2nd largest planet. Saturn is the least dense
    planet in the Solar System. Saturn has hundreds
    of rings and are made of chunks of ice and rock.
  • Saturn has 19 moons.

39
Uranus
  • Uranus looks bluish because of the methane gas in
    its atmosphere.
  • Uranus rotates from top to bottom and has 18
    moons.

40
Uranus
41
Neptune
  • Neptune has 8 moons and its atmosphere contains
    visible clouds.

42
Neptune
43
Pluto
  • Smallest planet with one moon Charon.
  • Pluto revolves around the sun only once every 248
    Earth Years.

44
Pluto
45
The Planets in Order
  • Sun
  • Mercury
  • Venus
  • Earth
  • Mars
  • Jupiter
  • Saturn
  • Uranus

  • Neptune

  • Pluto

46
20-5 Comets
  • Comet called the dirty snowball, is about the
    size of an Earth mountain. Comets are chunks of
    ice and dust whose orbits are usually very long,
    narrow ellipses.
  • When a comet gets to close to the sun, the ice
    turns to gas, releasing dust. The gas and dust
    form an outer layer called the coma. The inner
    layer of the comet is called the nucleus. The
    coma and the nucleus make up the comets head,
    which is the brightest part of the comet. Some
    of the gas is pushed away from the sun by the
    solar wind. This forms the comets tail.
  • In 1705, Edmond Halley calculated that every 76
    years the same comet would reappear. He
    predicted it would resurface in 1758, and when it
    did, it was named Halleys comet.

47
Diagram of a Comet
48
Comet Diagram
49
Comet
50
Halleys Comet
51
Tail of Halleys Comet
52
20-5 Asteroids
  • Between 1801 and 1807, astronomers discovered
    four small objects between Mars and Jupiter.
    Over the next 80 years, they found 300 more.
    These objects are called asteroids.
  • Most asteroids revolve around the sun between the
    orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This region in the
    solar system is known as the asteroid belt.

53
Asteroids
54
Asteroids Vesta
55
20-5 Meteors
  • A meteoroid is a chunk of rock or dust in space.
    Meteoroids usually come from comets or asteroids.
  • When a meteoroid enters Earths atmosphere,
    friction makes it burn up and produce a streak of
    light you see in the sky a meteor.
  • Meteorites are pieces of rock, made mostly of
    iron and nickel, that fall all over Earth, that
    did not burn up. Their sizes are usually
    extremely large, which makes it easier to
    identify them as meteorites than rock.

56
Meteors
57
Nasa Photo Journal
  • http//photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/index.html

58
Nasa Live
  • http//www.nasa.gov/home/index.html?skipIntro1
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