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Title: Case%20Study%20for%20Information%20Management%20??????


1
Case Study for Information Management ??????
Building Information Systems USAA (Chap. 13)
1041CSIM4C12 TLMXB4C (M1824) Tue 2 (910-1000)
B502 Thu 7,8 (1410-1600) B601
Min-Yuh Day ??? Assistant Professor ?????? Dept.
of Information Management, Tamkang
University ???? ?????? http//mail.
tku.edu.tw/myday/ 2015-12-15, 17
2
???? (Syllabus)
  • ?? (Week) ?? (Date) ?? (Subject/Topics)
  • 1 2015/09/15, 17 Introduction to Case Study
    for Information
    Management
  • 2 2015/09/22, 24 Information Systems in
    Global Business UPS
    (Chap. 1) (pp.53-54)
  • 3 2015/09/29, 10/01 Global E-Business and
    Collaboration PG
    (Chap. 2) (pp.84-85)
  • 4 2015/10/06, 08 Information Systems,
    Organization, and Strategy
    Starbucks (Chap. 3) (pp.129-130)
  • 5 2015/10/13, 15 Ethical and Social Issues
    in Information Systems
    Facebook (Chap. 4) (pp.188-190)

3
???? (Syllabus)
  • ?? (Week) ?? (Date) ?? (Subject/Topics)
  • 6 2015/10/20, 22 IT Infrastructure and
    Emerging Technologies
    Amazon and Cloud Computing
    (Chap. 5) (pp. 234-236)
  • 7 2015/10/27, 29 Foundations of Business
    Intelligence
    IBM and Big Data (Chap. 6) (pp.261-262)
  • 8 2015/11/03, 05 Telecommunications, the
    Internet, and Wireless
    Technology Google, Apple, and Microsoft
    (Chap. 7)
    (pp.318-320)
  • 9 2015/11/10, 12 Midterm Report (????)
  • 10 2015/11/17, 19 ?????

4
???? (Syllabus)
  • ?? ?? ??(Subject/Topics)
  • 11 2015/11/24, 26 Enterprise Applications
    Summit and SAP
    (Chap. 9) (pp.396-398)
  • 12 2015/12/01, 03 E-commerce Zagat
    (Chap. 10) (pp.443-445)
  • 13 2015/12/08, 10 Enhancing Decision
    Making Zynga
    (Chap. 12) (pp.512-514)
  • 14 2015/12/15, 17 Building Information
    Systems USAA
    (Chap. 13) (pp.547-548)
  • 15 2015/12/22, 24 Managing Projects NYCAPS
    and CityTime
    (Chap. 14) (pp.586-588)
  • 16 2015/12/29, 31 Final Report I (???? I)
  • 17 2016/01/05, 07 Final Report II (???? II)
  • 18 2016/01/12, 14 ?????

5
Chap. 13Building Information Systems USAA
6
Case StudyBuilding Information Systems USAA
(Chap. 13) (pp. 547-548)What does it take to go
mobile?
  • 1. What management, organization, and technology
    issues need to be addressed when building mobile
    applications?
  • 2. How does user requirement definition for
    mobile applications differ from that in
    traditional systems analysis?
  • 3. Describe the business processes changed by
    USAAs mobile applications before and after the
    applications were deployed.

7
Overview of Fundamental MIS Concepts
8
Systems as Planned Organizational Change
  • Structural organizational changes enabled by IT
  • Automation
  • Rationalization of procedures
  • Business process redesign
  • Paradigm shifts

9
Structural Organizational Changes Enabled by IT
  • 1. Automation
  • Increases efficiency
  • Replaces manual tasks
  • 2. Rationalization of procedures
  • Streamlines standard operating procedures
  • Often found in programs for making continuous
    quality improvements
  • Total quality management (TQM)
  • Six sigma

10
Structural Organizational Changes Enabled by IT
  • 3. Business process redesign
  • Analyze, simplify, and redesign business
    processes
  • Reorganize workflow, combine steps, eliminate
    repetition
  • 4. Paradigm shifts
  • Rethink nature of business
  • Define new business model
  • Change nature of organization

11
Organizational Change Carries Risks and Rewards
12
Business Process Management (BPM)
  • Business Process Management (BPM)
  • Variety of tools, methodologies to analyze,
    design, optimize processes
  • Used by firms to manage business process redesign
  • Steps in BPM
  • Identify processes for change
  • Analyze existing processes
  • Design the new process
  • Implement the new process
  • Continuous measurement

13
As-is Business Process for Purchasing a Book
from a Physical Bookstore
14
Redesigned Process For Purchasing A Book Online
15
Business Process Redesign (BPR)
  • Variety of tools for BPM, to
  • Identify and document existing processes
  • Identify inefficiencies
  • Create models of improved processes
  • Capture and enforce business rules for performing
    processes
  • Integrate existing systems to support process
    improvements
  • Verify that new processes have improved
  • Measure impact of process changes on key business
    performance indicators

16
Systems Development (SD)
  • Activities that go into producing an information
    system solution to an organizational problem or
    opportunity
  • Systems analysis
  • Systems design
  • Programming
  • Testing
  • Conversion
  • Production and maintenance

17
The Systems Development Process
18
Systems Analysis (SA)
  • Analysis of problem to be solved by new system
  • Defining the problem and identifying causes
  • Specifying solutions
  • Systems proposal report identifies and examines
    alternative solutions
  • Identifying information requirements
  • Includes feasibility study
  • Is solution feasible and good investment?
  • Is required technology, skill available?

19
System Analysis (SA) (cont.)
  • Establishing information requirements
  • Who needs what information, where, when, and how
  • Define objectives of new/modified system
  • Detail the functions new system must perform
  • Faulty requirements analysis is leading cause of
    systems failure and high systems development cost

20
Systems Design (SD)
  • Describes system specifications that will deliver
    functions identified during systems analysis
  • Should address all managerial, organizational,
    and technological components of system solution
  • Role of end users
  • User information requirements drive system
    building
  • Users must have sufficient control over design
    process to ensure system reflects their business
    priorities and information needs
  • Insufficient user involvement in design effort is
    major cause of system failure

21
Systems DesignDesign Specifications
OUTPUTMedium Content Timing INPUT Origins Flow Data entry USER INTERFACE Simplicity Efficiency Logic Feedback Errors DATABASE DESIGN Logical data model Volume and speed requirements File organization and design Record specifications PROCESSING Computations Program modules Required reports Timing of outputs MANUAL PROCEDURES What activities Who performs them When How Where CONTROLS Input controls (characters, limit, reasonableness) Processing controls (consistency, record counts) Output controls (totals, samples of output) Procedural controls (passwords, special forms) SECURITY Access controls Catastrophe plans Audit trails DOCUMENTATION Operations documentation Systems documents User documentation CONVERSION Transfer files Initiate new procedures Select testing method Cut over to new system TRAINING Select training techniques Develop training modules Identify training facilities ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES Task redesign Job redesign Process design Organization structure design Reporting relationships
22
Completing the Systems Development Process
  • Programming
  • System specifications from design stage are
    translated into software program code
  • Testing
  • Ensures system produces right results
  • Unit testing Tests each program in system
    separately
  • System testing Test functioning of system as a
    whole
  • Acceptance testing Makes sure system is ready to
    be used in production setting
  • Test plan All preparations for series of tests

23
A Sample Test Plan to Test a Record Change
24
Conversion
  • Process of changing from old system to new system
  • Four main strategies
  • Parallel strategy
  • Direct cutover
  • Pilot study
  • Phased approach
  • Requires end-user training
  • Finalization of detailed documentation showing
    how system works from technical and end-user
    standpoint

25
Production and Maintenance
  • System reviewed to determine if revisions needed
  • May include post-implementation audit document
  • Maintenance
  • Changes in hardware, software, documentation, or
    procedures to a production system to correct
    errors, meet new requirements, or improve
    processing efficiency
  • 20 debugging, emergency work
  • 20 changes to hardware, software, data,
    reporting
  • 60 of work User enhancements, improving
    documentation, recoding for greater processing
    efficiency

26
Systems Development (SD)
Summary of Systems Development Activities Summary of Systems Development Activities
Core Activity Description
Systems analysis Identify problem(s) Specify solutions Establish information requirements
Systems design Create design specifications
Programming Translate design specifications into code
Testing Unit test Systems test Acceptance test
Conversion Plan conversion Prepare documentation Train users and technical staff
Production and maintenance Operate the system Evaluate the system Modify the system
27
Most prominent methodologies for modeling and
designing systems
  1. Structured methodologies
  2. Object-oriented development

28
Structured Methodologies
  • Structured
  • Techniques are step-by-step, progressive
  • Process-oriented
  • Focusing on modeling processes or actions that
    manipulate data
  • Separate data from processes

29
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
  • Primary tool for representing systems component
    processes and flow of data between them
  • Offers logical graphic model of information flow
  • High-level and lower-level diagrams can be used
    to break processes down into successive layers of
    detail

30
Data Flow Diagram (DFD) For Mail-in University
Registration System
31
High-level Structure Chart for a Payroll System
32
Object-oriented Development
  • Object is basic unit of systems analysis and
    design
  • Object
  • Combines data and the processes that operate on
    those data
  • Data encapsulated in object can be accessed and
    modified only by operations, or methods,
    associated with that object
  • Object-oriented modeling based on concepts of
    class and inheritance
  • Objects belong to a certain class and have
    features of that class
  • May inherit structures and behaviors of a more
    general, ancestor class

33
Class and Inheritance
34
Object-oriented Development
  • More iterative and incremental than traditional
    structured development
  • Systems analysis Interactions between system and
    users analyzed to identify objects
  • Design phase Describes how objects will behave
    and interact grouped into classes, subclasses
    and hierarchies
  • Implementation Some classes may be reused from
    existing library of classes, others created or
    inherited
  • Because objects reusable, object-oriented
    development can potentially reduce time and cost
    of development

35
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
  • Software tools to automate development and reduce
    repetitive work, including
  • Graphics facilities for producing charts and
    diagrams
  • Screen and report generators, reporting
    facilities
  • Analysis and checking tools
  • Data dictionaries
  • Code and documentation generators
  • Support iterative design by automating revisions
    and changes and providing prototyping facilities
  • Require organizational discipline to be used
    effectively

36
Alternative Systems-Building Methods
  1. Traditional systems life-cycle
  2. Prototyping
  3. End-user development
  4. Application software packages
  5. Outsourcing

37
Traditional Systems Life-cycle
  • Oldest method for building information systems
  • Phased approach
  • Development divided into formal stages
  • Waterfall approach One stage finishes before
    next stage begins
  • Formal division of labor between end users and
    information systems specialists
  • Emphasizes formal specifications and paperwork
  • Still used for building large complex systems
  • Can be costly, time-consuming, and inflexible

38
Prototyping
  • Building experimental system rapidly and
    inexpensively for end users to evaluate
  • Prototype Working but preliminary version of
    information system
  • Approved prototype serves as template for final
    system
  • Steps in prototyping
  • Identify user requirements.
  • Develop initial prototype.
  • Use prototype.
  • Revise and enhance prototype.

39
The Prototyping Process
40
Prototyping
  • Advantages
  • Useful if some uncertainty in requirements or
    design solutions
  • Often used for end-user interface design
  • More likely to fulfill end-user requirements
  • Disadvantages
  • May gloss over essential steps
  • May not accommodate large quantities of data or
    large number of users
  • May not undergo full testing or documentation

41
End-user Development
  • Uses fourth-generation languages to allow
    end-users to develop systems with little or no
    help from technical specialists
  • Fourth generation languages Less procedural than
    conventional programming languages
  • PC software tools
  • Query languages
  • Report generators
  • Graphics languages
  • Application generators
  • Application software packages
  • Very high-level programming languages

42
End-user Development
  • Advantages
  • More rapid completion of projects
  • High-level of user involvement and satisfaction
  • Disadvantages
  • Not designed for processing-intensive
    applications
  • Inadequate management and control, testing,
    documentation
  • Loss of control over data
  • Managing end-user development
  • Require cost-justification of end-user system
    projects
  • Establish hardware, software, and quality
    standards

43
Application Software Packages
  • Save time and money
  • Many offer customization features
  • Software can be modified to meet unique
    requirements without destroying integrity of
    package software
  • Evaluation criteria for systems analysis include
  • Functions provided by the package, flexibility,
    user friendliness, hardware and software
    resources, database requirements, installation
    and maintenance efforts, documentation, vendor
    quality, and cost
  • Request for Proposal (RFP)
  • Detailed list of questions submitted to
    packaged-software vendors
  • Used to evaluate alternative software packages

44
Outsourcing
  • Several types
  • Cloud and SaaS providers
  • Subscribing companies use software and computer
    hardware provided by vendors
  • External vendors
  • Hired to design, create software
  • Domestic outsourcing
  • Driven by firms need for additional skills,
    resources, assets
  • Offshore outsourcing
  • Driven by cost-savings

45
Outsourcing
  • Advantages
  • Allows organization flexibility in IT needs
  • Disadvantages
  • Hidden costs, for example
  • Identifying and selecting vendor
  • Transitioning to vendor
  • Opening up proprietary business processes to
    third party

46
Total Cost of Offshore Outsourcing
47
Application Development for the Digital Firm
  • Rapid Application Development (RAD)
  • Joint Application Design (JAD)
  • Agile Development
  • Component-based Development and Web Services
  • Component-based Development
  • Web Services and Service-Oriented Computing

48
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
  • Process of creating workable systems in a very
    short period of time
  • Utilizes techniques such as
  • Visual programming and other tools for building
    graphical user interfaces
  • Iterative prototyping of key system elements
  • Automation of program code generation
  • Close teamwork among end users and information
    systems specialists

49
Joint Application Design (JAD)
  • Used to accelerate generation of information
    requirements and to develop initial systems
    design
  • Brings end users and information systems
    specialists together in interactive session to
    discuss systems design
  • Can significantly speed up design phase and
    involve users at intense level

50
Agile Development
  • Focuses on rapid delivery of working software by
    breaking large project into several small
    sub-projects
  • Subprojects
  • Treated as separate, complete projects
  • Completed in short periods of time using
    iteration and continuous feedback
  • Emphasizes face-to-face communication over
    written documents, allowing collaboration and
    faster decision making

51
Component-based Development
  • Groups of objects that provide software for
    common functions (e.g., online ordering) and can
    be combined to create large-scale business
    applications
  • Web services
  • Reusable software components that use XML and
    open Internet standards (platform independent)
  • Enable applications to communicate with no custom
    programming required to share data and services
  • Can engage other Web services for more complex
    transactions
  • Using platform and device-independent standards
    can result in significant cost-savings and
    opportunities for collaboration with other
    companies

52
Mobile Application Development
  • Special requirements for
  • Smaller screens, keyboards
  • Multitouch gestures
  • Saving resources (memory, processing)
  • Responsive Web design
  • Web sites programmed so that layouts change
    automatically according to users computing
    device
  • Three main platforms
  • iPhone/iPad, Android, Windows Phone

53
Case Study Managing Projects NYCAPS and
CityTime (Chap. 14) (pp. 586-588)A Tale of Two
New York City IS Projects
  • 1. How important were the NYCAPS and CityTime
    projects for New York City? What were their
    objectives? What would have been their business
    benefits?
  • 2. Evaluate the key risk factors in both
    projects.
  • 3. Classify and describe the problems each
    project encountered as the NYCAPS and CityTime
    systems were being implemented. What management,
    organization, and technology factors were
    responsible for these problems?
  • 4. What were the similarities and differences in
    the management of both projects?
  • 5. What was the business impact of these botched
    implementations? Explain your answer.
  • 6. Describe the steps that should have been taken
    to prevent negative outcomes in these projects.

54
?????? (Case Study for Information Management)
  • 1. ????????????????????,??????????
  • 2. ???????????????????,??????????????????
  • 3. ?????????????????????

55
References
  • Kenneth C. Laudon Jane P. Laudon (2014),
    Management Information Systems Managing the
    Digital Firm, Thirteenth Edition, Pearson.
  • Kenneth C. Laudon Jane P. Laudon??,??? ??,???
    ?? (2014),??????,?13?,??
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