Chapter 24, Section 1: War in Europe

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Chapter 24, Section 1 War in Europe

• Main Idea When World War I erupted in 1914, the
  United States remained neutral.

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A. Causes of the War

• Nationalism - pride in ones country
• pitted nation against nation created rivalries,
  mistrust hatred of others
• France vs. Germany, A-H vs. Russia, etc.
• Imperialism - empire building
• European nations competed for colonies in Africa,
  Asia, Pacific, sometimes resulting in conflict
• more raw materials new markets to sell
• Militarism - building up strong armed forces to
  prepare for war
• created competition tension
• caused large armies navies
• When one nation increased its strength, others
  would follow to keep up

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Nationalism Militarism
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Imperialism European conquest of Africa
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A Network of Alliances

• Countries in Europe formed alliances to support
  one another in case of an attack.
• Triple Alliance
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente
• France, Britain Russia
• This meant that a minor incident could spark a
  major war
• Countries were now obligated to get involved if
  one of their members needed help/protection

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The Alliance System
Triple Entente
Triple Alliance
Great Britain
Germany
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Austria-Hungary
France
Italy
Russia
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B. War Breaks Out

• The Balkans (SE Europe) became a hot spot due to
  intense nationalism heated rivalries in that
  region.
• Assassination Sparks a Crisis
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the throne of
  Austria -Hungary) and his wife, Sophie, are
  assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo
  Princip (the Black Hand) while in Sarajevo,
  Bosnia in June 1914.
• Alliance Against Alliance
• This causes a chain reaction of war declarations
  because of alliances (a minor incident caused a
  major war)
• This is the spark that ignites the powder keg
  of Europe

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Causes of World War I - Assassination
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The Assassin
Gavrilo Princip
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Causes of World War I -
MANIA
Militarism building up strong military forces
to prepare for war
Alliances - agreements between nations to aid and
protect one another
Nationalism pride in or devotion to ones
country
Imperialism when one country takes over another
economically politically
Assassination murder of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
The Point of No Return The Assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinands death and
declared war on Serbia.
Germany pledged their support for Austria
-Hungary.
Russia pledged their support for Serbia.
Germany declares war on Russia.
France pledges their support for Russia.
Germany declares war on France.
Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war
on Germany.
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FOOD
cafe
tater tots.
catsup
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chair
cafe
lunch
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The Great War Begins

• Central Powers
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
  (Turkey)
• Bulgaria joins later
• Allied Powers
• France, Britain, Russia
• Italy 20 others join later, including US
  Canada
• Triple Alliance becomes Central Powers, Triple
  Entente becomes Allied Powers (except Italy)
• Germanys plan was to defeat France quickly by
  going through Belgium, then concentrate on Russia
  (The Schlieffen Plan)

Allied Powers
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Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Great Britain
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Ottoman Empire
Italy
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C. Trench Warfare

• Both sides thought the war would be short.
  Instead, it dragged on for 4 long, bloody years.
• At first it was called the Great War. Later,
  (after WWII) it was called WWI.
• Both sides dug in, creating hundreds of miles of
  trenches protected by land mines barbed wire.
• This caused a stalemate for 3 years
• No Mans Land - area between trenches
• Over the Top - attacks on the enemy across no
  mans land (rarely successful)
• Poisonous gas was used by both sides to slow the
  enemy. Gas masks were needed
• Neither side gained much territory, but both
  sides lost many lives due to long, drawn-out
  battles with no gain.

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Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare type of fighting during WWI in
which both sides dug trenches protected by mines
barbed wire
Cross-section of a front-line trench 
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Trench Scenes
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An aerial photograph of the opposing trenches and
no-man's land in Artois, France, 1917. German
trenches are at the right and bottom, British
trenches are at the top left. The vertical line
to the left of centre indicates the course of a
pre-war road.
French soldiers firing over their own dead
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Trench Rats
Many men killed in the trenches were buried
almost where they fell. These corpses, as well as
food scraps that littered trenches, attracted
rats.
Quotes from soldiers fighting in the trenches
"The rats were huge. They were so big they would
eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself."
"I saw some rats running from under the dead
men's greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human
flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one
of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man
displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh
the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the
yawning mouth leapt a rat."
'Gassed'. Painting by John Singer Sargent,
1918/1919.
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Officers walking through a flooded communication
trench.
A photograph of a man suffering from trench foot.
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A Multi-Front War
Western Front
Eastern Front
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D. American Neutrality

• Officially, America was neutral, but public
  opinion was divided along ethnic lines (most
  favored Allies - Britain)
• Most German-, Austrian-, Irish- and Jewish-
  Americans favored the Central Powers for
  ethnic/religious reasons
• Effects of the War
• The war caused the American economy to boom due
  to trade (mostly with the Allies, which causes
  problems later)
• Propaganda-spreading ideas to convince someone to
  support you not your enemy (posters, cartoons,
  etc.)
• Both sides tried to convince Americans to take
  their side in the conflict
• Submarine Warfare
• Germany used U-boats (subs) to attack Allied
  ships neutral ships trading with the Allies
  (including American)
• They had warned U.S. to keep ships out of
  restricted areas (blockade around GB), but U.S.
  refused to listen, arguing freedom of the seas.
• Murder on the High Seas
• Germany sunk the Lusitania, a British passenger
  ship, on May 7, 1915 off the coast of Ireland,
  killing 1200 people (128 American)
• US Germany agree to Sussex Pledge German subs
  had to surface warn before attacking ships.
  This merely delayed the inevitable.

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American Neutrality
Officially, the U.S. was a neutral country.
However, we traded food, weapons, oil, steel,
and other goods far more with the Allied Powers
than with the Central Powers.
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Propaganda
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Freedom of the Seas
The U.S., as a neutral nation, claimed the
right to trade with either side in the war.
However, Britain and Germany set up blockades
around the British and German coasts.
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German submarines, called U-boats, torpedoed
enemy ships and neutral ships trading with the
enemy.
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U-Boats
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Lusitania
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