The Middle East Prior to WWI

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The Middle East Prior to WWI
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• Background on the Middle East (ME)
• Territory Turkey to Afghanistan part of N.
  Africa
• Birthplace for 3 monotheist rel. Judaism,
  Christianity, Islam
• Ottomans 500 yrs
• Aft. WWITurkey
• Great Britain (GB)Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq
• FrSyria, Lebanon

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• Nation Building
• Turkey 1st republic in ME (1923)
• Theocracy (Koran)
• Mustafa Kemal Father of the Turks
• Persia controlled by GB and Russia (RU)
• Never under Ottoman control
• Shah
• 1935Iran

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Mustafa Kemal Father of the Turks
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• Saudi Arabia
• Bedouin Shaykh
• Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud
• Palestine (PAL)
• Jews 586 BCE Chaldeans
• Returned to PAL by Persians
• Israel taken off map in AD 6
• Fled PAL or stayed w/ Otto. Arabs

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• Jewish nationalisthomeland
• Zionist
• Kibbutzim social farming communities

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Anti-Semitism Begins

1. Pogroms in E. Europe RU forced many to FR, GB,
   GER, US, PAL

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• 1894 Capt Alfred Dreyfus
• Jew in FR army officer
• Secrets to GER wh/ 12 yrs. in prison
• Dreyfus Affair

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• Balfour Declaration (1917)
• Sir Arthur Balfour both Jews and Pal. w/
  homeland
• Ea. side believed they had GB support
• 85,000 (1914) to 445,000 (1930) ¼ of pop.
• Riots broke out immigration limited

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The Middle East WWII-present
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Preview

• What is happening in this photograph?
• Who are the people that are blindfolded?
• Why is this event significant?

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Processing

• People are being taken hostage.
• American citizens
• Iranian Hostage Crisis
• Still have a bad relationship with them today
  view ea. other as threat

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• Israel
• 1948 recreated as ind. Nation
• PAL felt Jews had best land wh/ war w/ Egypt,
  Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria
• Arab refugees
• PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
• Yasser Arafat 1988 said PAL ind. Nation
• PAL not recognized by the global community

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Yasser Arafat Died November 11, 2004 at the age
of 75. The exact cause of his illness is unknown.
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• 1978 border dispute btw. Egypt and Israel finally
  settled
• Anwar Sadat Egypt
• Menachim Begin Israel
• Jimmy Carter US
• Nobel Peace Prize 2002
• Still working in ME

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• On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during
  the annual victory parade in Cairo. The
  assassination had been planned by Omar
  Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the
  U.S. for his role in the 1993 World trade Center
  bombing.

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• The officers in charge of the parade security for
  Sadat were on hajj to Mecca. As the air force
  jets flew overhead, distracting the crowd, a
  troop truck halted before the presidential
  reviewing stand, and a lieutenant strode forward.
  Sadat stood to receive his salute, whereupon the
  assassins rose from the truck, throwing grenades
  and firing assault rifle rounds. The attack
  lasted about two minutes.

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• Culture conflicts
• Economy
• Oil Organization of Petroleum Exports (OPEC)
• Rt. Price for their product
• Oil crisis 1973 shortages increased prices wh/
  forced options
• Conservation
• Alternatives

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• Making the connection
• The recent oil crisis (2007 to present) has
  forced what new options?
• Why do you think the US is reluctant to reduce
  its dependence on foreign oil?

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• Tension
• 1975 Persian Gulf countries w/ highest per capita
  income in the worldblending of old new
• Islamic fundamentalist
• Obedience to the basic laws of the religion

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• Iran
• Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi wanted modernization
  like the west great friend of US
• Conservative Muslims ayatollahs wanted an
  Islamic republic in strict obedience to Koran

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• Ayatollah Khomeini
• Death to the Shah Down with America 1979
  Shah fled to US AK to power 1979 US embassy
  taking 60 AM hostage for 444days
• Released in 1981 when Reagan cam to power
• Demand Shah be returned to Iran for trial

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October 22, 1979 received treatment in NY Died in
Egypt on July 27th, 1980, aged 60.
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Ronald Reagan
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• Iraq
• War w/ Iran over rel. differences
• Saddam Hussein in power in Iraq wh/ secular
  leadership

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• Hussein
• Opposed W. influence wanted to lead an United
  Arab World against Israel
• 1979 20 cabinet members executed wh/ total
  obedience due to fear
• Sword of the Arabs

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• Iraq under Hussein
• Testing new world order
• Charter of Paris 1990
• August 2, 1990 Saddam Hussein attacked Kuwait
• w/I 1 hr. 100,000 Iraqi soldiers _at_capt. Kuwait
  city
• President George Bush naked aggression

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Saddam Hussein
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41st President George Bush
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• Kuwait
• War w/ Iran 80 bil debt
• 120 mile shoreline w/ best deep H20 port
• 2 islands blocked Iraq fr. Gulf
• Wanted oil reserves
• Good position to invade Saudi Arabia

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• President George Bush
• No 1 nation can dominate the ME
• Production of nuclear weapons threatened Israel
  wh/ war

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• Upset global balance of power
• Hussein compared to Hitler
• Gather allies
• Operation Desert Shield
• Congress voted for war 01-16-1991
• Operation Desert StormPersian Gulf War
• Kuwait City freed 02-27-1991

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1993 attack on World Trade Center News footage
video
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What is happening in this picture?
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• September 11, 2001
• Attack on the World Trade Center, New York City
• Al-Qaeda
• Osama Bin Laden
• Afghanistan
• Saddam Hussein Iraq

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Osama bin Laden
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President Bush addresses a joint session of
Congress on September 20, 2001
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• President George W. Bush
• Weapons of mass destruction
• 2nd Persian Gulf War
• 8 years of fighting

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• President Obama
• Slowly w/drawing troops
• Leaving 33,000 troops there for undetermined
  amount of time
• Concerned w/ Iran
• Sworn to protect Israel

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• Making the Connection
• How old were you when 09/11 happened?
• How has 09/11 directly affected you?

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ISIS

• http//abcnews.go.com/WN/fullpage/isis-trail-terro
  r-isis-threat-us-25053190