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Contents
Chapter Focus Section 1 The Colonial Period
Section 2 Uniting for Independence Section
3 The Articles of Confederation Section 4 The
Constitutional Convention
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Chapter Focus (1)
Chapter Objectives

• The Colonial Period Explain why colonists
  expected representative government. (Section 1) ?

• Uniting for Independence Relate how colonists
  united against British laws, leading to the
  Declaration of Independence. (Section 2) ?
• The Articles of Confederation Explain the
  weaknesses and achievements of the Articles of
  Confederation. (Section 3) ?
• The Constitutional Convention Describe the
  creation and ratification of the Constitution.
  (Section 4)

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Section 1-3
An English Political Heritage

• English established and governed the original
  thirteen colonies along the Atlantic coast. ?

• English principles of limited government and
  representative government greatly influenced the
  development of the United States.

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Section 1-4
Limited Government

• The idea that government was not all-powerful was
  an accepted part of the English system, beginning
  with the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, of 1215. ?

• The Magna Carta established the principle of
  limited government, in which the power of the
  monarch, or government, was limited, not
  absolute. ?
• The Magna Carta provided for protection against
  unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty,
  and property except according to law.

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Section 1-5
Petition of Right

• Although the Magna Carta limited the power of
  government, strong monarchs still dominated
  England for centuries. ?

• When Charles I took the throne in 1625, he
  dissolved Parliament, lodged troops in private
  homes, and placed some areas under martial law. ?
• In 1628 the Parliament forced him to sign the
  Petition of Right, severely limiting the kings
  power.

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Section 1-6
Petition of Right (cont.)

• Under the Petition of Right, English monarchs
  could not ?

• collect taxes without Parliaments consent. ?
• imprison people without just cause. ?
• house troops in private homes without the
  permission of the owner. ?
• declare martial law unless the country was at war.

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Section 1-7
English Bill of Rights

• In 1688 Parliament removed James II from the
  throne and crowned William III and Mary II in a
  move that became known as the Glorious
  Revolution. ?

• Parliament also passed the English Bill of
  Rights, which set clear limits on what a ruler
  could and could not do.

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Section 1-8
English Bill of Rights (cont.)

• The key ideas of the English Bill of Rights are ?

• Monarchs rule with the consent of the peoples
  representatives in Parliamentnot by divine
  right. ?
• The monarch must have Parliaments consent to
  suspend laws, levy taxes, or maintain an army. ?
• The monarch cannot interfere with parliamentary
  elections and debates. ?
• The people have a right to petition the
  government and to have a fair and speedy trial by
  a jury of their peers.

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Section 1-9
English Bill of Rights (cont.)

• The people should not be subject to cruel and
  unusual punishments or to excessive fines and
  bail. ?

• The English colonists in North America shared a
  belief in these rights with the people of England.

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Section 1-10
Representative Government

• The colonists had a firm belief in representative
  government, a government in which people elect
  delegates to make laws and conduct government. ?

• The English Parliament was a representative
  assembly with the power to enact laws.

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Section 1-11
Representative Government (cont.)

• Parliament consisted of an upper chamber, called
  the House of Lords, and a lower chamber, called
  the House of Commons. ?

• American legislatures grew out of the English
  practice of representation.

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Section 1-12
The Ideas of John Locke

• The ideas of John Locke, a seventeenth-century
  English philosopher, have been called the
  textbook of the American Revolution. ?

• Lockes Two Treatises on Government, first
  published in 1690, spelled out his belief that
  all people were born free, equal, and independent.

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Section 1-13
The Ideas of John Locke (cont.)

• Locke believed that people possessed natural
  rights to life, liberty, and property and that
  they contracted among themselves to form
  governments to protect these natural rights. ?

• Locke argued that if a government failed to
  protect these natural rights, the people could
  change that government.

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Section 1-14
The Ideas of John Locke (cont.)

• In his Second Treatise on Civil Government, Locke
  said that government was legitimate only as long
  as people continued to consent to it. ?

• Both the Declaration of Independence and the
  Constitution reflected Lockes revolutionary
  ideas.

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Section 1-15
Government in the Colonies

• The present system of American government evolved
  from the thirteen English colonies. ?

• Democracy existed in the colonies, but not in its
  present form. Women and enslaved persons could
  not vote, and every colony had some type of
  property qualification for voting. ?
• Many colonists remained intolerant of religious
  dissent.

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Section 1-16
Government in the Colonies (cont.)

• Despite such shortcomings, the colonists
  established the following practices ?

• a written constitution that guaranteed basic
  liberties and limited the power of government ?
• a legislature of elected representatives ?
• the separation of powers between the governor
  (the chief executive) and the legislature ?

• Today the United States government embodies each
  of these practices.

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CQ02-01.1
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Section 1-17
Written Constitutions

• The colonial period featured government according
  to a written plan. ?

• The first such plan was the Mayflower Compact,
  written by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower anchored
  off the New England coast. It was signed in
  1620. ?
• In 1636 Puritans who settled the Massachusetts
  Bay Colony adopted the Great Fundamentals, the
  first basic system of laws in the English
  colonies.

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Section 1-18
Written Constitutions (cont.)

• In 1639 Puritans who had left the Massachusetts
  Bay Colony to colonize Connecticut drew up
  Americas first formal constitution, or charter,
  called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. ?

• This document laid out a plan for government that
  gave the people the right to elect the governor,
  judges, and representatives to make laws. ?
• Soon after, other English colonies began drawing
  up their own charters.

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Section 1-19
Colonial Legislatures

• With the Virginia House of Burgesses, established
  in 1619, representative government became an
  established tradition well before the colonists
  declared their independence in 1776. ?

• These legislatures dominated colonial government
  because the growing colonies constantly needed
  new laws to cope with new circumstances. ?
• Colonial legislatures were examples of the
  consent of the governed because a large number of
  qualified men voted.

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Section 1-20
Separation of Powers

• Colonial charters divided the power of government
  into three branches executive, legislative, and
  judicial. This principle of separation of powers
  was later incorporated into the Constitution. ?

• The governor, the kings agent in the colonies,
  had executive power. Colonial legislatures had
  the power to pass laws, and colonial courts heard
  cases. ?
• Colonial legislatures became the political
  training grounds for the leaders who later would
  write the Constitution.

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Section 2-2
Introduction

• Until the mid-1700s Great Britain had allowed its
  colonies across the Atlantic to develop
  politically on their own. ?

• By the 1760s, however, the British government
  felt a need to tighten its control over the
  colonies.

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Section 2-3
The Colonies on Their Own

• As with other parts of the British empire, in the
  eyes of the British crown, the American colonies
  existed for the economic benefit of Great
  Britain. ?

• In practice, the colonistsmore than 3,000 miles
  away from Britaindid pretty much as they pleased
  during the 150 years following the settling of
  Jamestown. ?
• Until the mid-1700s the British government was
  generally satisfied with this arrangement.

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Section 2-4
Britain Tightens Control

• The French and Indian War and the crowning of
  George III drastically changed the easy
  relationship between the colonies and Britain. ?

• The French and Indian War, fought between 1754
  and 1763 over lands in western Pennsylvania and
  Ohio, resulted in Great Britains complete
  control over what later became the eastern United
  States.

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Section 2-5
Britain Tightens Control (cont.)

• The defeat of France in America had two results ?

• The colonists no longer needed the British to
  protect them from the French. ?
• The British government had a large war debt that
  the British expected the colonies to help repay.

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Section 2-6
Taxing the Colonies

• To help pay for the war, George III and the
  Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765, which
  required the colonists to pay tax on legal
  documents, pamphlets, newspapers, and even dice
  and playing cards. ?

• The Stamp Act was the first direct tax on the
  colonists. ?
• Parliament also passed laws to control colonial
  trade in ways that benefited Great Britain but
  not the colonies.

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Section 2-7
Taxing the Colonies (cont.)

• Britains revenuethe money a government collects
  from taxes or other sourcesfrom the colonies
  increased, but so did colonial resentment. ?

• Political protests in the colonies led to the
  repeal of the Stamp Act, but other tax laws
  replaced it. ?
• In 1773 a group of colonists, dressed as Mohawk,
  dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston
  Harbor. This protest against further taxes on
  tea became known as the Boston Tea Party.

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Section 2-8
Taxing the Colonies (cont.)

• In retaliation Parliament passed the Coercive
  Acts, which the colonists called the Intolerable
  Acts. ?

• One of these acts closed Boston Harbor. Another
  withdrew the right of the Massachusetts colony to
  govern itself. ?
• By the early 1770s, events clearly showed that
  revolution was imminent.

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Section 2-9
Colonial Unity

• Before the mid-1770s most colonists thought of
  themselves as British subjects and as members of
  their respective colonies. ?

• Thus, they were Virginians or New Yorkers or
  Georgians, but not Americans. ?
• Responding to French attacks on the frontier, in
  1754 Benjamin Franklin proposed an innovative
  plan for uniting the coloniesthe Albany Plan
  of Union. The colonies rejected the plan.

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Section 2-10
Colonial Unity (cont.)

• By the 1760s harsh new British policies spurred
  American unity. ?

• Colonists began thinking of themselves as
  Americans, and colonial leaders began to take
  political action against what they felt was
  British oppression.

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Section 2-11
Taking Action

• In 1765 nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp
  Act Congress. Delegates to the Congress sent a
  petition to King George, arguing that only
  colonial legislatures could impose direct taxes. ?

• By 1773 organizations called committees of
  correspondence were urging resistance to the
  British. ?
• This communication network consisted of colonists
  who wanted to keep in touch with one another as
  events unfolded.

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Section 2-12
The First Continental Congress

• The Intolerable Acts prompted the First
  Continental Congress, a general meeting of the
  colonies (except Georgia), on September 5, 1774. ?

• The delegates imposed an embargo, an agreement
  prohibiting trade, on Britain, and agreed not to
  use British goods. ?
• George III adopted stronger measures against the
  rebelling colonists. He said, Blows must decide
  whether they are to be subject to this country or
  independent.

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Section 2-13
The First Continental Congress (cont.)

• On April 19, 1775, the British Redcoats clashed
  with the colonial minutemen at Lexington and
  Concord in Massachusetts. ?

• This clash, later called the shot heard round
  the world, was the first battle of the
  Revolutionary War.

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Section 2-14
The Second Continental Congress

• Within three weeks, delegates from the thirteen
  colonies gathered in Philadelphia for the Second
  Continental Congress. ?

• This Congress assumed the powers of a central
  government, chose John Hancock as their
  president, and made George Washington commander
  of a newly organizing Continental Army. ?
• Although it had no constitutional authority, the
  Second Continental Congress served as the acting
  government of the colonies throughout the war.

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Section 2-15
Independence

• Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense and the
  patriotic words of Samuel Adams helped the
  American independence movement grow. ?

• In June 1776, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia
  introduced a resolution in the Continental
  Congress That these United Colonies are, and of
  right ought to be, free and independent states.

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Section 2-16
The Declaration of Independence

• Congress promptly named a committee to prepare
  a written declaration of independence. The
  committee asked Thomas Jefferson to write the
  draft. ?

• On July 4, 1776, the Congress approved the final
  draft of the Declaration of Independence. ?
• A statement of the reasons for independence, the
  document actually was entitled The unanimous
  Declaration of the thirteen united States of
  America.

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Section 2-17
Key Parts of the Declaration

• The Declaration of Independence stirred the
  hearts of the American people. ?

• The purpose of the Declaration was to justify the
  Revolution and put forth the founding principles,
  such as human liberty and consent of the
  governed, of the new nation. ?
• The Declaration has three parts. It begins with
  a statement of purpose and basic human rights.

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Section 2-18
Key Parts of the Declaration (cont.)

• The middle section of the Declaration lists
  specific complaints against George III. These
  were designed to justify the break with Great
  Britain. ?

• The conclusion states the colonists
  determination to separate from Great Britain.
  Their efforts to reach a peaceful solution had
  failed, leaving them no choice but to declare
  their freedom.

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Section 2-19
The First State Constitutions

• One of the most important changes taking place in
  the colonies was their transformation from
  colonies into states subject to no higher
  authority. ?

• Within a few years after the Declaration of
  Independence, every former colony had a new
  constitution or had converted the old colonial
  charters into state constitutions. ?
• Seven of the new constitutions contained a bill
  of rights defining the personal liberties of
  citizens.

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Section 3-2
Introduction

• When Richard Henry Lee proposed his resolution
  for independence in June 1776, he also proposed
  that a plan for confederation be prepared for
  the colonies. ?

• In 1777 a committee appointed by Congress
  presented a plan called the Articles of
  Confederation. ?
• By March 1781, all 13 states had ratified, or
  approved, the Articles of Confederation.

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Section 3-3
Government Under the Articles

• Under the Articles, the plan for government was
  simple. It included ?

• a unicameral, or single-chamber, Congress in
  which each state had one vote ?
• no executive branch or federal court system ?
• a Committee of the States made up of one delegate
  from each state to manage the government when
  Congress was not assembled ?

• Every state legislature selected its own
  representatives to Congress.

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Section 3-4
Government Under the Articles (cont.)

• Congressional powers included the powers to ?

• make war and peace. ?
• send and receive ambassadors. ?
• enter into treaties. ?
• raise and equip a navy. ?
• maintain an army by requesting troops from the
  states. ?
• appoint senior military officers. ?
• fix standards of weights and measures. ?
• regulate Indian affairs. ?
• establish post offices. ?
• decide certain disputes among the states.

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CQ02-03.1
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Section 3-5
Weaknesses of the Articles

• Because each state had no intention of giving up
  its sovereignty to a central government, the
  Articles had weaknesses. ?

1. Congress did not have the power to levy or
collect taxes. It could raise money only by
borrowing or requesting money from the states,
and could do little if a state refused to provide
the money. ? 2. Congress did not have the power
to regulate domestic or international trade.
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Section 3-6
Weaknesses of the Articles (cont.)
3. Congress could not force anyone to obey the
laws it passed or to abide by the Articles of
Confederation. ?
4. Laws needed the approval of 9 of the 13
states, which was very difficult to obtain.
Usually, delegates from only 9 or 10 states were
in Congress at any time. ? 5. Amending, or
changing, the Articles required the consent of
all states, which was nearly impossible.
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Section 3-7
Weaknesses of the Articles (cont.)
6. The central government did not have an
executive branch, which made unity and
coordination among the many congressional
committees difficult. ?
7. The government had no national court system,
which made it difficult for the central
government to settle disputes among the states.
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Section 3-8
Achievements

• Despite its weaknesses, the Confederation
  accomplished much. ?

• The greatest achievement was the establishment of
  a fair policy for the development of the lands
  west of the Appalachians. The individual states
  ceded, or yielded, their claims to these
  territories. ?
• To organize these territories, the Confederation
  enacted two land ordinances, or laws.

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Section 3-9
Achievements (cont.)

• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the
  principle that the territories owned by the
  government were to be developed for statehood on
  an equal basis with the older states. ?

• Another accomplishment was the peace treaty with
  Great Britain wherein Britain recognized American
  independence.

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Section 3-10
Achievements (cont.)

• Congress also set up various national
  departments, setting a precedent for the creation
  of cabinet departments under the Constitution. ?

• To encourage cooperation among the states, the
  Articles provided that each state give full
  faith and credit to the legal acts of the other
  states and treat one anothers citizens without
  discrimination.

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Section 3-11
Need for Stronger Government

• Despite its achievements, the structure of the
  central government could not coordinate the
  actions of the states effectively.

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Section 3-12
Growing Problems

• Soon after the war, the states began to quarrel,
  mainly over boundary lines and tariffs. ?

• The new nation faced serious debt to foreign
  nations and to American soldiers still unpaid
  after the Revolutionary War. ?
• By 1786 an economic depression in the states left
  many farmers and small merchants angry and in
  debt.

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Section 3-13
Shayss Rebellion

• In 1787 these economic troubles led to armed
  rebellion. ?

• Unable to pay their mortgages, some farmers in
  western Massachusetts were jailed or had their
  property taken from them. ?
• To force the state to pass laws to help them,
  several hundred men, led by Daniel Shays, marched
  on the Springfield arsenal to get weapons and
  then threatened to lay siege to Boston.

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Section 3-14
Shayss Rebellion (cont.)

• The Massachusetts militia put down the rebellion,
  but the unrest frightened American leaders. ?

• Led by Henry Knox, later the first secretary of
  war, American leaders called for a strong
  national government.

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Section 3-15
The Annapolis Convention

• The Constitutional Convention was the result of
  two previous meetings. ?

• In 1785 George Washington invited delegates from
  Maryland and Virginia to his Mount Vernon estate
  to discuss differences over their currencies,
  import duties, and navigation on the Potomac
  River and Chesapeake Bay.

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Section 3-16
The Annapolis Convention (cont.)

• The success of this meeting inspired Virginias
  representatives to call all states to another
  meetinga convention at Annapolis, Maryland, to
  discuss commerce. ?

• With Shays and his followers threatening the
  government of Massachusetts, Alexander Hamilton
  persuaded the other delegates to call for another
  convention in Philadelphia in May 1787.

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Section 3-17
The Annapolis Convention (cont.)

• Its purpose would be to regulate commerce among
  the states and to propose changes that would make
  the national government more effective. ?

• The Confederation Congress gave its consent to
  hold the Philadelphia convention for the sole
  and express purpose of revising the Articles of
  Confederation.

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Section 4-2
Introduction

• The Constitutional Convention began its work on
  May 25, 1787, with 55 of the appointed 74
  delegates in attendance. ?

• All states except Rhode Island were represented.

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Section 4-3
The Convention Begins

• The delegates to the Convention were very
  experienced in politics, and the presence of men
  like George Washington and Benjamin Franklin gave
  the Convention legitimacy. ?

• James Madison, a brilliant advocate of a strong
  national government, is called the Father of the
  Constitution because he was the author of the
  basic plan of government that the Convention
  eventually adopted.

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Section 4-4
Organization

• The Convention unanimously chose George
  Washington to preside over the meetings. ?

• The delegates also decided that each state would
  have one vote on all questions, and a simple
  majority vote of those states present would make
  decisions. ?
• The sessions were closed to the public and press,
  making it possible for the delegates to talk
  freely.

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Section 4-5
Key Agreements

• While the delegates originally came together to
  revise the Articles, they eventually decided to
  abandon the former government and begin again. ?

• They agreed on many basic issues, including ?

• the idea of a limited and representative
  government. ?
• a division of powers among three branches of
  government. ?
• the national government must be strengthened.

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Section 4-6
Decisions and Compromises

• After the rules were adopted, the Virginia
  delegation presented a plan for a strong national
  government.

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Section 4-7
The Virginia Plan

• The Virginia Plan, introduced May 29, proposed a
  government based on three principles ?

• a strong national legislature with two chambers ?
• a strong national executive to be chosen by the
  national legislature ?
• a national judiciary to be appointed by the
  legislature

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Section 4-8
The Virginia Plan (cont.)

• The introduction of the Virginia Plan was a
  brilliant political move on the part of the
  nationalists. By offering a complete plan from
  the start, the nationalists set the agenda for
  the rest of the Convention. ?

• The Virginia Plan eventually became the basis of
  the new Constitution. ?
• Delegates from the smaller states realized that
  their states would lose power under the Virginia
  Plan, and they wanted a less powerful government
  with more independence for the states.

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Section 4-9
The New Jersey Plan

• On June 15 the delegates from the small states
  made a counterproposal, which included the
  following ideas ?

• There would be a unicameral legislature, with one
  vote for each state. ?
• Congress would have the power to impose taxes and
  regulate trade. ?
• Congress would elect a weak executive consisting
  of more than one person. ?
• The executive would appoint a national judiciary
  with limited power.

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Section 4-10
The New Jersey Plan (cont.)

• After some discussion delegates rejected the New
  Jersey Plan and continued debate on the Virginia
  Plan. ?

• Soon the Convention was deadlocked over the
  question of the representation of states in
  Congress.

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Section 4-11
The Connecticut Compromise

• The Connecticut Compromise, which was adopted
  after long debate, suggested that the legislative
  branch have two parts ?

• A House of Representatives would have
  representation based on state population. The
  larger states would have an advantage. ?
• A Senate would have equal representation from
  each state. Two senators from each state would
  be elected by the state legislatures. The
  smaller states would be protected in the Senate.

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Section 4-12
The Three-Fifths Compromise

• A second compromise settled a disagreement over
  how to determine how many representatives each
  state would have in the House. ?

• A debate between the Northern and Southern states
  was settled by counting three-fifths of the
  enslaved population for both tax purposes and for
  representation in Congress.

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Section 4-13
Compromise on Commerce and the Slave Trade

• Another dispute between the Northern and Southern
  states involved trade. ?

• The Northern states wanted the government to have
  complete power over trade with other nations. ?
• The Southern states feared that the Northern
  states would set up unfavorable trading practices
  for the South, including banning the slave trade.

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Section 4-14
Compromise on Commerce and the Slave Trade
(cont.)

• To settle the issue, delegates decided that
  Congress could not ban the slave trade until
  1808. ?

• Delegates also gave Congress the power to
  regulate both interstate commerce, or trade among
  the states, and foreign commerce. ?
• To protect the Souths exports, Congress was
  forbidden to impose export taxes.

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Section 4-15
The Slavery Question

• Beyond the compromises just discussed, the
  Constitution dealt with slavery only by noting
  that those escaping to free states could be
  returned to the slaveholders (Article IV, Section
  2). ?

• Whatever their personal beliefs about slavery,
  the delegates knew that the Southern states would
  never accept the Constitution if it interfered
  with slavery. ?
• Thus, in order to create the badly needed new
  government, the Founders compromised on the
  slavery question.

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72
Section 4-16
Other Compromises

• The delegates compromised on several other issues
  to complete the Constitution. ?

• The Electoral College system, in which each state
  selects electors to choose the president, was the
  result of a compromise between states wanting
  direct elections of the president and those
  wanting to leave the selection to the state
  legislatures.

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73
Section 4-17
Other Compromises (cont.)

• On September 8, 1787, a Committee of Style and
  Arrangements began polishing the final draft of
  the Constitution, and by September 17 the
  document was ready to be signed. ?

• Thirty-nine delegates signed the Constitution.

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74
Section 4-18
Ratifying the Constitution

• For the new Constitution to become law, 9 of the
  13 states had to ratify it. ?

• It went into effect on June 21, 1788, when New
  Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify it.

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75
CQ02-04.1
76
Section 4-19
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists

• The great debate over ratification quickly
  divided people in the states into Federalists,
  who favored the Constitution, and
  anti-Federalists, who opposed the Constitution. ?

• The Anti-Federalists feared a strong national
  government and claimed the document was
  extralegal, not sanctioned by law, since the
  Convention had been authorized only to revise the
  old Articles.

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77
Section 4-20
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists (cont.)

• The Anti-Federalists strongest argument was that
  the Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights.
  Without a Bill of Rights, a strong national
  government might take away the human rights won
  in the Revolution. ?

• Patrick Henry, a strong opponent of the
  Constitution, said, If you intend to reserve
  your unalienable rights, you must have the most
  express stipulation for . . . if the people do
  not think it necessary to reserve them, they will
  supposed to be given up.

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78
Section 4-21
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists (cont.)

• The Federalists, led by many of the Founders,
  argued that without a strong national government,
  anarchy, or political disorder, would triumph. ?

• They claimed that only a strong national
  government could protect the new nation from
  enemies abroad and solve the countrys internal
  problems.

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79
Section 4-22
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists (cont.)

• To gain the necessary support, the Federalists
  promised to add a Bill of Rights as the first
  order of business under a new government.

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80
Section 4-23
Progress Toward Ratification

• With the promise of a Bill of Rights, the tide
  turned in favor of the Constitution. ?

• Many small states ratified it quickly because
  they were pleased with equal representation in
  the new Senate. ?
• Ratification, however, was difficult to win in
  New York and Virginia.

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81
Section 4-24
Progress Toward Ratification (cont.)

• To help win ratification in New York, Alexander
  Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay published
  more than 80 essays defending the new
  Constitution. Later they were collected in a
  book called The Federalist.

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82
Section 4-25
Launching a New State

• With ratification in Virginia and New York, the
  new government began. ?

• New York City was selected as the nations
  temporary capital. ?
• George Washington was elected president and John
  Adams vice president.

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83
Section 4-26
Launching a New State (cont.)

• Congress met for the first time on March 4, 1789,
  with 22 senators and 59 representatives. ?

• To fulfill the promises made during the fight for
  ratification, James Madison introduced a set of
  amendments during the first session of Congress.
  ?
• Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and later
  became known as the Bill of Rights.

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84
Chapter Assessment (1)
What are the key ideas found in the English Bill
of Rights?
1. The monarch must rule with consent of the
governed. 2. The monarch must have legislatures
consent to suspend laws, levy taxes, or maintain
army. 3. The monarch may not interfere with
legislative elections or debates. 4. People have
the right to petition the government and to fair
and speedy trials by juries of peers. 5. No cruel
and unusual punishment or excessive fines or
bails could be rendered.
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85
Chapter Assessment (2)
According to John Locke, what fundamental element
made government legitimate?
John Locke believed that consent of the people
made governments legitimate.
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86
Chapter Assessment (3)
Describe the practices established by colonial
governments that became a basic part of our
system of government.
1. Separation of powers between the governor and
legislature 2. Legislature of elected
representatives 3. Written constitution
guaranteeing basic liberties and limiting the
power of government
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87
Chapter Assessment (4)
What tasks did the Second Continental Congress
accomplish?

• The Second Continental Congress
• acted as a central government.
• organized an army and navy.
• issued money to pay for a war.
• named George Washington as commander of the army.
• purchased supplies.
• negotiated treaties with other countries.
• rallied support for colonists cause.

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88
Chapter Assessment (5)
Why was the Declaration of Independence a
revolutionary document?
It called for a country whose government was
founded on principles of human liberty and
consent of the governed, the worlds first such
country.
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display the answer.
89
Chapter Assessment (6)
What achievements were made under the Articles of
Confederation?
1. Established fair policy for development of
western lands 2. Concluded peace treaty with
Great Britain 3. Established departments of
Foreign Affairs, War, Marine, and Treasury 4.
Provided that states recognize legal acts of
other states and treat one anothers citizens
without discrimination
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90
Chapter Assessment (7)
State the position of the small states in the
debate on the issue of representation in Congress.
Small states favored equal representation with
large states, but large states wanted
representation based on population.
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91
Chapter Assessment (8)
What issue did the Convention delegates refuse to
settle in 1787?
The delegates did not settle the issue of slavery.
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92
Section Focus Transparency 1
Section Focus Transparency 2-1 (1 of 2)
93
Section Focus Transparency 1 (Answers)
1. the British monarch and Parliament as well as
the colonial council and colonial
assembly 2. The colonial voters elected the
assembly which helped make the laws. 3. the
British monarch and Parliament
Section Focus Transparency 2-1 (2 of 2)
94
Section Focus Transparency 2
Section Focus Transparency 2-2 (1 of 2)
95
Section Focus Transparency 2 (Answers)
1. the British government 2. the Stamp Acts and
the Townshend Acts 3. one year
Section Focus Transparency 2-2 (2 of 2)
96
Section Focus Transparency 3
Section Focus Transparency 2-3 (1 of 2)
97
Section Focus Transparency 3 (Answers)
1. Congress could borrow or request money from
the states. 2. weak, because they gave very
little power to the national government 3. Congre
ss could wage war and make treaties and alliances
with other nations.
Section Focus Transparency 2-3 (2 of 2)
98
Section Focus Transparency 4
Section Focus Transparency 2-4 (1 of 2)
99
Section Focus Transparency 4 (Answers)
1. the New Jersey Plan 2. the Electoral College
compromise 3. large states because they had more
people to vote for the lower house
Section Focus Transparency 2-4 (2 of 2)