From%20Protectionism%20to%20Globalization:%20The%20Rise%20and%20Internationalization%20of%20Canadian%20Capital - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Title: From%20Protectionism%20to%20Globalization:%20The%20Rise%20and%20Internationalization%20of%20Canadian%20Capital


1
From Protectionism to Globalization The Rise
and Internationalization of Canadian Capital
  • February 4

2
External influence on Confederation
  • After Britains repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)
    and the end of the Reciprocity Treaty with the US
    (1854-1866), Canada was without a trading
    partner.
  • Fear of American military power, the Fenian raids
    and the rivalry over the western portion of the
    continent were factors leading to Confederation
    in Canada.

3
Internal Influence on Confederation
  • Political deadlock in the Province of Canada.
  • Economic development was occurring and the
    emerging industrial and political elite saw
    benefits to be had in building Confederation and
    transcontinental project.

4
Pre-Confederation Economic Development
  • The strength of the wheat economy in Upper
    Canada/Canada West/Ontario combined with
    immigration and a canal and railway building
    spree to launch economic development and the
    beginnings of industrialization around the mid
    19th century.
  • At the time of Confederation, Canada was the 8th
    largest manufacturing country in the world. By
    1871, manufacturing accounted for just under 25
    of GDP.

5
Confederation
  • Ryerson Confederation resulted from the growth
    of a native, capitalist industry, with railway
    transport as its backbone, and expansion of the
    home market as the prime motive for creating a
    unified and autonomous state
  • Naylor Confederation itself was little more
    than an elaborate exercise in public finance
  • Underhill government of the people, by lawyers,
    for big business

6
Protectionism
  • Galt Tariffs of 1858-59
  • National Policy Tariffs of 1879
  • The tariffs distinguished between semi-finished
    goods and industrial materials (10-20 percent
    duty) manufactured equipment (25 percent) and
    finished consumer goods (30 percent).

7
Protectionism
  • Naylor The Macdonald tariff produced industry
    in Canada but no Canadian industry Naylor called
    this industrialization by invitation
  • Bliss the funny thing about our tariff walls
    was that we always wanted the enemy to jump over
    them. Some walls!

8
Canadian statism
  • What was the significance of the active Canadian
    state?
  • a pragmatic, public enterprise culture
  • latent socialism (which is described positively
    or negatively depending on the author)
  • public enterprise for private accumulation

9
Debating Free Trade
  • Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberals campaigned on
    freer trade with the US in 1891 and 1911.
  • Both times they lost to the Conservatives.
  • No truck nor trade with the Yankees Robert
    Borden, 1911

10
Second World War
  • During the Second World War, Canadian and
    American defence policy and production for the
    war effort were highly integrated.
  • Ogdensburg Agreement 1940 created Permanent Joint
    Board on Defence
  • Hyde Park Declaration 1941

11
Postwar Trade Liberalization
  • Canada signed on to the General Agreement on
    Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947.
  • Successive rounds of negotiations led to an
    increasingly open trading environment.

12
Growing Concerns about American Foreign Policy
  • Bomarc missile crisis, 1960-63
  • Vietnam War

13
Growing Concerns OverForeign (esp. American)
Ownership
  • Pipeline Debate 1956
  • Royal Commission on Canadas Economic Prospects,
    Gordon Report, 1956-57
  • George Grant, Lament for a Nation, 1965
  • Taskforce on Foreign Ownership and the Structure
    of Canadian Investment, Watkins Report, 1967-68
  • Kari Levitt, Silent Surrender The Multinational
    Corporation in Canada, 1970
  • Task Force on Foreign Ownership, Gray Report,
    1970-72
  • The Waffle, 1969-74
  • Committee for an Independent Canada, 1970-81

14
Federal Government Response to Economic
Nationalism
  • Canada Development Corporation 1971
  • The Third Option 1972
  • Foreign Investment Review Agency 1973
  • Petro-Canada 1975
  • National Energy Program 1980

15
Canadian Business Embraces Continentalism
  • Business groups like the BCNI (which later
    becomes the CCCE) and think tanks like C.D. Howe
    Institute helped generate a business consensus in
    favour of free trade with the US.

16
Canadian State Embraces Continentalism
  • Royal Commission on the Economic Union and
    Development Prospects for Canada, Macdonald
    Commission, 1982-85
  • Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA), 1989
    http//archives.cbc.ca/politics/prime_ministers/c
    lips/9807/
  • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1994
  • Meanwhile, GATT was transformed into the World
    Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994.

17
The FTA and NAFTA More than free trade
agreements
  • Along with trade in goods, these deals cover
  • services
  • investment and investor rights
  • national procurement policies
  • intellectual property rights
  • energy provisions (Canadian govts can not act to
    give Canadians preferential access to Canadian
    energy, such as oil. US consumers and business
    have their access to Canadian energy protected.)

18
Anti-Globalization Movement
  • Anti-globalization movement or
  • global justice movement?

19
Birth of a movement in Canada
  • In Canada, the anti-globalization movement has
    its roots in left nationalism of the late 60s and
    early 70s.
  • Its intellectual roots are provided by the New
    Canadian Political Economy (NCPE), including the
    dependency theorists and the Marxist theorists.

20
Fight Against the FTA
  • Council of Canadians, formed 1985
  • Pro-Canada Network, 1987 which becomes the Action
    Canada Network, 1991, later becomes the
    Solidarity Network, 1998, and then fizzled out
    around 2004.
  • Citizens Concerned about Free Trade led by David
    Orchard

21
NAFTA
  • Battle Against NAFTA
  • Common Frontiers
  • Side Agreements were negotiated
  • North American Agreement on Environmental
    Cooperation (NAAEC)
  • North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation
    (NAALC)

22
APEC Summit, Vancouver 1997
  • Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
  • The RCMP acted with significant force to try and
    keep protesters completely out of the sight of
    the delegates, including the Indonesian president
    Suharto.
  • The controversy over the RCMP response led to an
    inquiry from 1998 to 2000. The inquiry was highly
    critical of the RCMP and the federal government.
  • http//archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/civil_unrest/c
    lips/2016/
  • http//archives.cbc.ca/politics/federal_politics/c
    lips/11710/

23
Selected Anti-Globalization Demos Around the World
  • Geneva, WTO, May 1998.
  • Köln, Germany, G8, June 1999.
  • Seattle, WTO, November 1999.
  • Davos, World Economic Forum, January 2000.
  • Washington, DC, IMF, April 2000.
  • Prague, World Bank/IMF, September 2000.
  • Genoa, G8, July 2001, one protester shot dead.
  • Kananaskis, Alberta, G8, June 2002.

24
Quebec Summit, April 2001
  • Video View from the Summit.
  • Featuring
  • demonstrations against the Free Trade Area of the
    Americas (FTAA), including a march of 50,000
    people.
  • Operation Salami formed during the movement
    against the proposed Multilateral Agreement on
    Investment (MAI). It organized and promoted
    peaceful civil disobedience, obstruction
  • CLAC Anti-Capitalist Convergence favoured and
    supported a diversity of tactics green zone
    festive demonstration, yellow zone - obstruction,
    red zone - disruption
  • Thomas DAquino, president of the Business
    Council on National Issues, now the Canadian
    Council of Chief Executives.
  • Richard Feinberg, American academic and former
    consultant to the US State Department.
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