SS7H2a:%20Explain%20how%20European%20partitioning%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20after%20the%20breakup%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire%20led%20to%20regional%20conflict.

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SS7H2a Explain how European partitioning in the
Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman
Empire led to regional conflict.

• After the destruction of Baghdad and the Abbasid
  Empire by the Mongols in 1290, the Ottoman Empire
  came into power. It was dominated by the Turks
  and centered in what is modern-day Turkey.
• The Ottoman state was born on the frontier
  between Islam and the Byzantine Empire. Turkish
  tribes, driven from their homeland in the steppes
  of Central Asia by the Mongols, had embraced
  Islam and settled in Anatolia.
• The Ottoman Turks began to absorb the other
  states, and during the reign (145181) of
  Muhammad II they ended all other local Turkish
  dynasties.
• In the late 14th century, the Ottomans started to
  use Janissaries (which means new troops in
  Turkish). They were conscripted youths from
  Christian families in the Balkans. After
  conscription, they were defined as the property
  of the Sultan, and practically all of them
  converted to Islam. They became known for their
  military skills.
• In 1453, they conquered Constantinople (which had
  been founded as the capital of all Christendom by
  Constantine himself), renamed it Istanbul, and
  made it the capital of their Empire.
• Here the leaders are called Sultans ("emperors").
  

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The Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire expanded into southeastern
  Europe (the Balkans and Hungary) and then east
  and south into Iraq, Arabia, and Egypt.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

• Suleiman I (nicknamed 'the Magnificent' in Europe
  and 'the Lawgiver' in the Islamic World) was the
  sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566.
• While he may have been seen as dangerous to the
  outside world, he was known as a fair ruler
  within the empire, fought corruption, and was a
  great supporter of artists and philosophers. He
  was also noted as one of the greatest Islamic
  poets.
• He earned his nickname the Lawmaker from his
  complete reconstruction of the Ottoman law
  system. The laws that he gathered covered almost
  every aspect of life at the time.

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Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent

• Suleiman died in 1566, the night before victory
  at the Battle of Szigetvar, in Hungary. He is
  buried in a mausoleum with his wife Roxelana at
  the Suleymaniye Mosque.
• After rising to its peak under Sultan Suleiman
  the Magnificent, the Empire gradually began to
  deteriorate before the increasing technological
  and industrial might of the European nations.

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The End of the Ottoman Empire

• By the beginning of WWI in 1914, the Ottoman
  Empire had shrunk in size. It had weakened
  because it tried to rule such a huge empire with
  leaders who could not manage to hold on to the
  territory.
• When WWI began, the Ottoman Empire decided to
  join forces with Germany and Italy against the
  rest of Europe and the US.
• They lost the war, and as a result, the Ottoman
  Empire was overthrown, and Ottoman territory was
  broken up into a number of smaller countries in
  what is now known as the Middle East.

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Carving up the Ottoman Empire
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Conflict follows . . .

• The European politicians who decided where the
  boundaries of these new countries would be, paid
  little attention to the ethnic and religious
  groups who were already living in these areas.
• The new boundaries that were drawn did not take
  into consideration the concept of nationalism
  (the idea that countries are most successful if
  the people who live there share some common
  cultural, historic, or religious beliefs).
• As a result, there has been a lot of conflict.
  Many different groups tried to live together in
  countries that were created by those who did not
  realize the problems some of these new boundaries
  would cause.

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Ataturk, the Father of the Turks

• The Turkish defeat in the First World War (in
  which the Ottoman Empire sided with Germany and
  the Central Powers) finally discredited the Young
  Turks, however, and paved the way for the success
  of a new nationalist movement under the
  leadership of an army officer named Mustafa
  Kemal, later known as Ataturk or "Father of the
  Turks."
• The nationalist government under Ataturk,
  dedicated to leading Turkey in the direction of
  secularism and Westernization, abolished the
  sultanate, declared a republic, and eventually
  (in 1924) abolished the caliphate as well.