Diseases%20in%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology

1
Diseases in Anatomy and Physiology

• Unit C

2
Essential Standard 5.00

• Discuss the role of major systems of small
  animals.

3
Objective 5.02

• Discuss the ways that disease processes affect
  major body systems.

4
Infectious Diseases of Dogs

• Group of diseases caused by pathogenic
  microorganisms
• Canine distemper
• Canine parvovirus infection
• Kennel cough
• Rabies
• Canine brucellosis
• Salmonellosis

5
Canine Distemper

• Caused by the inhalation of the airborne virus.
• Symptoms
• Early-vomiting and diarrhea
• Later-tremor and epileptic fits

6
Canine Parvovirus Infection

• Caused by viral contact of materials contaminated
  with feces from infected dogs
• Affects mostly young pups
• Symptoms
• Vomiting
• Bloody diarrhea
• Refusal to eat

7
Kennel Cough (Tracheobronchitis)

• Respiratory disease contracted in confinement
  (pet shops, dog shows, kennels, etc.)
• Symptom
• Cough

8
Rabies

• Viral disease that attacks the central nervous
  system.
• All warm blooded animals can transmit rabies.

9
Rabies Symptoms

• Occur 2 weeks to 3 months after bite. Severe can
  be within 10 days.
• Furious rabies-animal may act strange then wander
  off, attack and bite anything in its path, often
  frothing at the mouth
• Dumb rabies-no wandering, but paralysis of lower
  jaw followed by body paralysis and death

10
Canine Brucellosis

• Bacterial disease spread through breeding
• Females
• Abortion
• Failure to whelp
• Enlargement of lymph nodes
• Males
• Swelling of scrotum and testicles

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Salmonellosis

• Bacterial disease spread by ingestion of food
  contaminated by feces.

12
Basic Noninfectious Diseases of Dogs
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Heart Disease

• 2 types
• Congenital (birth)
• Contracted
• Symptoms
• Coughing at night during sleep
• Coughing during exercise
• Inability to exercise
• Open mouth breathing at rest

14
Cataracts

• Cause cloudy, white opacity of the lens.
• Can be hereditary or not
• Can cause blindness
• More often affects older dogs

15
Arthritis

• Degenerative joint disease that causes pain,
  lameness, and stiffness in the joints.
• Large, old and obese dogs are more prone to the
  disease.

16
Basic Fungus Diseases of Dogs
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Ringworm

• Most common fungal disease.
• Symptoms
• Broken hairs around the face, ears or feet.
• Reddened skin and scaly skin develop.
• Crusting and scaling in severe cases.

18
Blastomycosis

• Inhaling infected spores of soil enriched with
  bird or bat droppings.
• Symptoms
• Coughing
• Rapid breathing
• Pneumonia
• Fever

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Internal Parasites of Dogs
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Ascarids or Roundworms

• May grow to 8 inches in length when mature
• Affect mainly puppies and deprive them of
  nutrients
• Transmitted by female dogs to puppies
• Severe infestation causes pot-bellied appearance
• Danger to children

21
Hookworms

• Blood-sucking parasites that attach to the small
  intestine, causing small spots of bleeding
• Adult worms attach to the small intestine where
  they digest a plug of tissue.
• Heavy infestations cause the animal to appear
  weak, listless, and anemic
• Affects older dogs and puppies

22
Whipworms

• Broad at one end and narrow at the other.
• Use the narrow end to attach to the cecum and
  lower digestive tract.
• Adults produce shell protected eggs that may
  live for years in the soil.
• Produce watery feces and may result in
  dehydration and death.

23
Tapeworms

• Flat and segmented worms that live in the small
  intestine.
• Shed terminal segments in feces.

24
Tapeworms

• Usually the largest worms affecting dogs reaching
  1 foot or more in length
• Most depend on a host such as a flea or wild
  rabbit to develop.
• Not harmful for dogs, but may cause serious
  injury to humans.

25
Heartworms

• Thin worms that live in the major artery carrying
  blood from the heart to the lungs.
• Serious threat to dogs causing major injury to
  vital organs.
• Transmitted by mosquitoes.
• Prevention is preferred to treatment which is
  only effective in early infestation.

26
Heartworms

• Symptoms
• Frequent coughing
• Labored breathing
• Fainting in severe cases

27
Infectious Diseases of Cats
28
Feline Panleukopenia

• Cat distemper caused by parvovirus or DNA virus.
• Affects cats younger than 16 weeks and has a 75
  death rate.
• Spread by direct contact, infected food and water
  dishes, bedding, and litter boxes.

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Feline Panleukopenia

• Symptoms
• Depression
• Loss of appetite
• High fever
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Dehydration

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Feline herpesvirus (FHV)

• Respiratory infection caused by a DNA virus.
• Shed in discharges from nose, eyes and throat and
  transmitted by direct contact.
• Cats can become carriers, but vaccines are
  available.

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Feline Herpesvirus (FHV)

• Symptoms
• Depression
• Sneezing and coughing
• Severe eye and nasal discharges
• Increase in temperature
• Mouth ulcers

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Feline Enteric Coronavirus

• Caused by ingestion of contaminated feces in
  kittens between 4 and 12 weeks of age.
• Spread by ingestion of contaminated feces.
• Symptoms
• Low grade fever
• Vomiting
• Soft or watery diarrhea
• Blood in the feces
• Dehydration

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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

• Disease caused by coronavirus that leads to organ
  failure.
• Coronavirus infections are more common, but few
  show signs.
• Symptoms
• Fever
• Refusal to eat
• Depression
• Weight loss

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Noninfectious Diseases of Cats
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Feline Urologic Syndrome (FUS)

• A.K.A. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
• May range from mild inflammation to blockage of
  the urethra, uremic poisoning, and death.

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Causes of FUS

• Improper diet (where cats are fed high levels of
  magnesium and phosphorus)
• Low water intake that causes concentrations of
  various salts in the urine
• Possibly a virus

37
Wet Eye

• Excessive tear production or blockage of drainage
  canals that drain tears to the nasal cavity
  causing tears to overflow at the corner of the
  eyes.

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Internal Parasites of Cats
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Toxoplasmosis

• Disease caused by infection with single-celled
  protozoan parasite Toxoplasm gondii.
• Contracted from eating raw meat or contaminated
  feces.
• Fever, jaundice, and difficulty moving may
  result.
• No vaccination and humans can become infected
  through cat litter boxes.

40
Ascarids (Toxocara cati)

• Ascarids from ingesting eggs passed in the feces
  of an infected animal or in the case of kittens
  from the milk of an infected mother cat.
• Severe cases may cause pot-bellied appearance
  (distended abdomen) and an unthrifty cat.

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Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme)

• Infection occurs when larvae is ingested from
  contaminated food or water, or when larvae
  penetrates the skin.
• May cause dark-colored feces and anemia from the
  loss of blood.

42
Tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)

• Require a cost other than the cat for
  development.
• Dipylidium caninum must be hosted by fleas and
  Tania taeniaeformis may be hosted by rats and
  mice.
• Neither type causes major harm.

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External Parasites of Small Animals
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Fleas

• Brown, blood-sucking insects of small size that
  move rapidly over the skin.
• May develop from eggs to adult in as little as 16
  days.
• May first be detected in the groin and rump area
  of the animal.

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Fleas

• Cause irritation and extreme itching
• May be controlled with powders, dips, shampoos,
  collars, oral insecticides, foggers and sprays.

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Ticks

• Blood-sucking arthropods of the skin.
• Two main families of ticks hard and soft
• Two types of hard ticks are a concern for dogs
  brown dogs tick (can survive indoors) and
  American dog tick (lives on grass and shrubs)

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Ticks

• Main soft tick is the Spirose Ear Tick.
• Larvae and nymph stage live in and cause
  irritation to the outer ear canal.

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Lice

• Wingless insects that may bite or suck blood from
  the host.
• Not common on dogs.
• If infestation occurs, the dog will experience
  hair loss from scratching and rubbing.
• Two treatments 12 days apart with dips, dusts, or
  spray can control.

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Mites

• Tiny, eight-legged arachnids.
• Five species cause the most problems
• Demodectic mites
• Two types of sarcoptic mites
• Ear mites
• Cheyletiella mites

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Demodectic Mites

• No not usually cause problems.
• A severe infestation may result in hair loss,
  reddening of the skin, and encrusting in spots or
  over the entire body of the dog.

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Sarcoptic Mites

• Burrow within the outer layer of the skin.
• Highly contagious.
• Cause mange or scabies which case intense
  irritation and itching that may result in the dog
  injuring itself as it tries to scratch, chew or
  rub the skin.

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Ear Mites

• Highly contagious
• Found in the outer ear canal and other areas of
  dogs, cats, and rabbits.
• Common problem
• Infected animals may shake their heads.
• Flea products are effective treatment, as well
  as, ear drops.

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Cheyletiella Mites

• Contagious
• Cause a condition known as walking dandruff
• Severe scaling on the back may occur, but itching
  is not as severe as with other mite infestations.

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Chiggers

• Orange-red larvae stages of Trombicula mites that
  cause an itchy, red rash on the belly, face, feet
  and legs.
• Picked up from underbrush.
• Remain on the skin for a short time and usually
  do not require treatment other than something to
  stop the itching.

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Poisons Affecting Small Animals
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Insecticides

• May cause poisoning if ingested in sufficient
  amounts.
• Organophosphates and carbamate compounds are the
  main source of insecticidal poisoning.
• Boric acid from roach bait and arsenic from ant
  traps can also poison animals.

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Plants

• Philodendron, dieffenbachia, pothos, and caladium
  contain insoluble calcium oxadate crystals that
  cause irritation to the mouth and intestinal
  tract.
• Poinsettia, Japanese yew, azalea, and flower
  bulbs may cause mild intestinal upset.

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Plants
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Household Chemicals

• Ammonia, bleach, borates, hydroxides, pine oil,
  and phenol can cause sickness if pets ingest them.

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Rodenticides

• Strychnine and warfarin can cause internal
  bleeding and death if ingested in sufficient
  amounts.

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Herbicides

• Glyphosphate herbicides and arsenic-based weed
  killers can poison pets.

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Antifreeze

• Common source of poisoning because it has a
  sugary taste that animals like.
• Animal may appear drunk or depressed.

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Rabbit Diseases
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Enteritis

• Intestinal tract inflammation
• Probably the most common cause of death in
  rabbits
• Causes include stress, unsanitary conditions,
  and high energy feeds

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Enteritis Symptoms

• Diarrhea stained with blood
• Animals will stop eating but drink lots of water
• Animals grind their teeth
• Almost 100 mortality rate

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Enteritis Treatment

• Prevention is best. Accomplished through proper
  environment, sanitary conditions, feeding rations
  that are high in fiber, low in energy, control of
  birds and rodents that carry the disease.
• Treatment when applicable is through broad
  spectrum antibiotics.

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Snuffles

• Disease aggravated by stressful conditions such
  as poor sanitation, poor ventilation, changing
  temperatures, shipping, or show conditions.
• Symptoms persistent sneezing with a white
  colored nasal discharge.
• Prevention Reduce stress through proper
  environment.

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Mastitis

• Inflammation of mammary tissue
• Also called caked breast
• May cause nursing problems
• Nursing baby rabbits may bite the nipples when
  they are unable to nurse
• Nursing mothers may refuse to nurse the young.

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Mastitis Prevention and Treatment

• Remove concentrates from the diet for 72 hours.
• Widespread cases, clean and disinfect all nesting
  boxes.

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Wry Neck

• Condition caused by inflammation of the inner
  neck.
• Head tilted to the side is the most common
  symptom.
• Often found where snuffles are also present.
• Best prevented by controlling upper respiratory
  diseases.

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Fur Chewing

• Pulling of fur from itself or other rabbits
  caused by simple boredom, a nutrient deficiency,
  and a low-fiber diet.
• Prevention and treatment Best by feeding hay or
  straw to add fiber to the diet. Adding magnesium
  oxide to the ration also helps.

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Hutch Burn

• Chapped or burning condition of the external
  genital area of the doe. Caused by sitting in
  dirty, wet, urine soaked bedding.
• Prevention and treatment keep bedding clean.
  Treatment is with antibiotic creams.

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Sore Hocks

• Ulcerated area on the bottom of the foot pads
  most often associated with rough wire cage floors
  and size of the foot pad not supporting the
  weight of the animal.
• Large breed with long foot pads are most often
  affected.

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Sore Hocks Prevention and Treatment

• Get off wire and place on a solid surface
• Apply astringents to the sore pads
• Petroleum jelly
• Bag balm (for cow udders)
• Human hemorrhoid ointments

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Hamster Diseases
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Wet Tail (Enteritis)

• Most common disease of hamsters
• Caused by poor sanitation, bacteria, viruses, and
  diet.

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Wet Tail Symptoms

• Wetness around the tail and rear of the animal
  caused by runny diarrhea.
• High death rate occurs within 2 days of symptoms
  appearing.
• Most often associated with poor sanitation caused
  by general neglect and poor care.

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Wet Tail Prevention and Treatment

• Change and disinfect spoiled bedding, cages, and
  equipment and isolate infected animals.
• Keep temperature around 70 degrees to avoid
  estivation (sleep above 80 degrees) or
  hibernation (below 50 degrees). Avoid drafts.
• Animals do not respond well to treatment.

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Common Diarrhea

• Caused by incorrect diet with overabundance of
  green leafy materials, vegetables, or fruits.
• Should not be confused with serious infections.
• Correct by removing green leafy vegetables and
  fruits and feeding dry grains and seeds.

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Gerbil Diseases
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Colds

• Gerbils are hardy and seldom affected by disease,
  but colds are most common.
• Symptoms
• Loss of appetite
• Constant sneezing
• Runny eyes and nose

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Cold Prevention and Treatment

• Reduce stress caused by overcrowding (gerbils
  need more space than hamsters)
• Avoid drafts, humidity and temperature
  fluctuations.

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Red Nose

• Commonly caused by the Staphylococcus bacteria.
• Animal will recover without any medication.
• Symptoms
• Hair loss
• Red, swollen areas of the skin around the nose
  and muzzle

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Rat Diseases
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Respiratory Disease

• Common disease caused by Microplasma pulmonis
• Symptoms
• Nasal discharge
• Snuffling
• Rattled breathing
• Rubbing eyes and nose
• Tilted head
• Uncoordinated and circling

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Mouse Diseases
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Mouse Diseases

• Hardy animals with proper diet, housing, and
  exercise.
• Respiratory disease can be caused by several
  organisms and result from changes in temperature,
  drafts, high humidity.
• Symptoms squeaking or rattling breath, runny
  nose, watery eyes and fur loss.

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Mouse Diseases

• Salmonella and related bacteria are responsible
  for many of the serious infectious diseases.
• Control with clean cages, clean water, clean
  feed, and parasite control.

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Guinea Pig Diseases
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Guinea Pigs

• Very healthy under favorable conditions.
• Avoid drafts and keep temperature and humidity
  constant to avoid problems.
• Common cold and respiratory diseases can be a
  problem if environment is not good.

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Colds in Guinea Pigs

• Animals become lethargic, listless, have nasal
  discharge and sneezing
• Prevention
• Maintaining a good environment
• Immediate treatment with broad-spectrum
  antibiotics
• Increase Vitamin C

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Toxemia

• Build-up of toxins in the blood that developed in
  late pregnancy.
• Symptoms females will be lethargic, go off feed,
  refuse to eat, and have difficulty breathing.
• Prevention and Treatment Feed a high quality
  diet to the pregnant female and add ½ teaspoon of
  sugar in the water bottle.

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Chinchilla Illnesses
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Chinchilla Environment

• Need proper nutrition and a clean, dry,
  draft-free environment with low stress.
• Provide adequate ventilation
• Avoid temperatures above 80 degrees or cold
  drafts and high humidity

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Organism that causes infection in wounds,
  inflammation of eyes and ears, pneumonia,
  intestinal inflammation, uterine inflammation,
  and poisoning of the circulatory system.

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Eye Inflammation (conjunctivitis)

• Swelling and redness around the eyes, sensitivity
  to light, watering, and pus formation.
• Treatment Isolate infected animals, wash eyes
  gently with warm boric acid solution, and use
  ophthalmic medications. Clean cages and feed
  containers.

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Inner Ear Infection (otitis)

• Symptoms Twisting and lowering of the head,
  hanging head to one side, running in a circle.
• Prevention and Treatment Avoid drafty, cool
  environmental conditions. Clean the ear with
  warm boric acid solution and treat with ear drops.

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Pneumonia

• Symptoms listlessness, failure to eat,
  breathing difficulty, swollen abdomen
• Prevention and treatment Eliminate cold drafty,
  and high humidity conditions and treat
  immediately with aureomycin, penicillin, or other
  antibiotics.

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Impaction

• Lower digestive system becomes tightly packed
  with food material or feces. May then follow
  diarrhea.
• Caused by poor quality feed, stress, and poor
  nutrition.
• Animal is often humped with chin resting between
  its front feet.

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Treatment for Impaction

• Give a dropper full of mineral oil daily OR
• Add up to three full droppers of grapefruit juice
  to the animals diet.

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Ferret Illnesses
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Canine distemper

• A disease that also affects dogs and is highly
  contagious. Usually results in death.
• Symptoms discharge from the eyes and nose,
  breathing problems, diarrhea.

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Canine Distemper Treatment

• Vaccination is important.
• Vaccinate at 12 weeks of age and give boosters
  annually to prevent canine and feline distemper.
• Treatment is not effective.

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Hemorrhagic enteritis

• Bloody diarrhea is commonly seen
• Symptoms Go off feed, bloody diarrhea, weight
  loss, dehydration, possibly death
• Prevention and treatment Treat with antibiotics
  and sulfur material.

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Botulism

• Caused by toxin produced by bacteria.
• Symptoms breathing difficulty and paralysis
• Death can occur without symptoms.
• Keep food supply fresh.

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Disease Prevention and Treatment for Pocket Pets
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Maintain Good Sanitation

• Remove spoiled urine soaked bedding regularly
• Remove urine and feces contaminated feed
  regularly
• Keep fresh water available at all times

108
Provide a Good Environment

• Keep animals free of drafts and eliminate any
  cool, damp drafts immediately
• Maintain low humidity. Higher humidity
  contributes to respiratory diseases.
• Maintain constant temperature that does not
  fluctuate to a great degree.
• Provide adequate ventilation to remove stale air.
• Feed an appropriate ration.

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General Disease Treatment for Pocket Pets

• First, isolate sick animals to prevent the spread
  of disease.
• Remove and replace bedding from the cage of a
  sick animal.
• Chemically disinfect and sanitize cage prior to
  installing new bedding.
• Use medicated water routinely when disease is a
  constant threat.

110
General Disease Treatment for Pocket Pets

• Use proper treatments and antibiotics if
  recommended.
• Dispose of dead animals properly (burn and bury
  in some cases)
• Cull animals that do not show signs of
  improvement.
• Improve environmental conditions that may be
  causing disease.

111
General Disease Treatment for Pocket Pets

• Avoid breeding animals that may have inherited
  diseases.
• Use recommended pesticides to control pests.

112
Parasites of Birds
113
Internal Parasites

• Rarely a problem with birds
• Roundworms
• Diagnosis is by observing feces for long, thin,
  white worms.
• Contracted from ingesting worm eggs in
  contaminated feces, soil, or food.
• Symptoms blockage of intestines, poor plummage,
  weight loss, diarrhea.
• Treatments are available

114
Internal Parasites

• Tapeworms
• Diagnosed by observing small rice-like segments
  in the feces
• Contracted from eating an intermediate host such
  as house flies, fleas, ticks, or earthworms.
• Proper cleaning and sanitation are the best
  prevention.
• Treatment with piprazine, nicotine sulfate and
  Kamal powder

115
External Parasites

• Red Mites
• Appear as tiny red specks and feed on blood of
  infected birds at night, causing restlessness,
  scratching, and picking at their feathers.
• Spread through contact with infected birds.
• Adults may be dusted with pyrethium powder.
• Clean and disinfect all cages and nest boxes.

116
External Parasites

• Feather Mites
• Cause a bird to chew or pick its feathers.
• Look for small, gray-colored moving specks
• Feed on the bird during both day and night
• Symptoms restlessness, severe scratching,
  feather picking, skin irritation
• Cages and equipment should be treated with
  nicotine sulfate, Malathion, or coumaphos and
  birds should be sprayed with a mite spray.

117
External Parasites

• Scaly Leg Mites
• Tunnel under the scales on the legs of
  budgerigars, lovebirds, and canaries.
• Live their entire life cycle on the bird.
• Symptoms white scaly deposits that become
  thickened, enlarged, and encrusted
• Treatment Use Vaseline or mineral oil to kill
  the mites and loosen deposits. This also
  suffocates the mites.

118
Scaly Leg Mite
119
Bacterial Diseases in Birds
120
Parrot Fever

• Chlamydiosis or psittacosis
• Bacterial disease that affects the liver and
  spleen.
• Contracted mainly through feces and contaminated
  food and water.
• Symptoms nasal discharges, listlessness,
  appetite loss, weight loss, greenish-colored
  diarrhea and labored breathing.

121
Parrot Fever

• Psittacosis can be transmitted to humans.
• Treat birds with chlortetracycline-impregnated
  seed for at least 21 days.

122
Bumblefoot

• A painful ailment associated with staphylococcal
  infections.
• Symptoms feet and joints become hot and swollen
  with a thick, grayish white fluid and not walking
  or clasping onto perch.
• Prevent by using suitable perches and sanitation.
• Treatment is with antibiotics.

123
Bumblefoot
124
Viral Diseases in Birds
125
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

• A.K.A. French Molt
• Viral disease that attacks the immune system.
• Symptoms become evident at the first molt when
  new feathers do not emerge or are deformed and
  break off.
• Nails may be soft, overgrown, and lose their
  pigment.

126
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

• There is no cure for this disease.
• Treatment is with vitamins, minerals, and control
  of secondary diseases through sanitation.

127
Newcastle Disease

• Viral disease that has high mortality rates and
  spreads rapidly.
• Imported birds are the main source of possible
  infection.
• Symptoms Respiratory difficulty (wheezing)
  followed by tremors, wing droop, and a twisted
  neck.
• Birds should be vaccinated to prevent the
  disease.

128
Nutritional Problems in Birds
129
Goiter

• Swelling of the thyroid glands in the neck and
  interference with breathing.
• Major cause is iodine deficiency.
• Especially a problem for budgerigars

130
Rickets (Osteomalacia)

• Imbalance or deficient amount of calcium,
  phosphorus, or Vitamin D3 that causes
  deterioration or softening of the bones.
• Symptoms lameness, stiff-legged gait, constant
  resting in the squatting position, decreased
  growth.
• Oyster shell or coarse limestone in the diet and
  Vitamin D3 supplementation is the best
  preventative.

131
Obesity

• Too much food, not enough activity or seeds high
  in fat.
• Bird owners should avoid feeding too many
  sunflower seeds if obesity is a problem.

132
Other Aviary Problems
133
Overgrown Claws

• Can result in injury if they become entangled in
  the cage.
• May be clipped with pet nail clippers.
• Avoid the pinkish streak in the center of the
  claw. It is a blood vessel.

134
Feather Plucking

• Boredom, bad diet, needs mate, lack of bathing
• Birds living indoors need regular bathing or
  spraying to encourage preening.
• Preening is the process that birds go through in
  cleaning and trimming its feathers with its beak.

135
Symptoms of Problems with Birds

• Sleeping on two legs may indicate that a bird is
  uncomfortable or ailing. Birds normally sleep on
  only one leg.
• A bird that fluffs its feathers out is usually
  chilled and trying to retain body heat.
• If feces are runny, a digestive ailment may be
  the problem.
• Not flying and lack of activity may indicate the
  bird is sick.

136
Symptoms of Problems with Birds

• Eye discharges or continually closed eyes are an
  indication of cold, etc.
• Wheezing, noisy, or irregular breathing may be a
  sign of a respiratory problem.
• Not eating or very little eating indicates a loss
  of appetite that is often associated with
  sickness.

137
Prevention of Diseases and Ailments

• Select a healthy bird
• Place bird in a dry, warm, draft-free place
• Subject the bird to little stress
• No other animals should be around
• Quarantine and observation period of at least 3-4
  weeks before introducing to other birds.
• Keep perches and cage clean

138
Prevention of Diseases and Ailments

• Sanitation is extremely importantshould provide
  fresh food and water.

139
Prevention of Diseases and Ailments

• Bathing and spraying reduces feather dust and
  dirt and cuts down on mites
• Small birds prefer to bathe in a container which
  may be placed in the cage at regular intervals
  for 30 minute time periods.
• Large birds need to be sprayed with a fine mist
  from a plant sprayer. Mist should be sprayed
  above the animal and allowed to filter down. Do
  not saturate, but gently spray 2-3 times per
  week.

140
At the First Sign of Illness

• Cage temperature should be maintained between
  85-90 degrees F.
• Move the cage to a warmer location
• Adjust the temperature with a light bulb near the
  cage or a heating pad under the cage.
• Provide 2 or 3 perches so that the bird can find
  the most comfortable temperature

141
At the First Sign of Illness

• Partially cover the cage to prevent drafts
• Provide quick energy fluids such as sugar water,
  honey water, or orange juice.

142
Diseases of the Aquarium
143
Signs and Symptoms of Disease

• Fish are behaving unusual/strange
• Fish are floating to the surface, sinking to the
  bottom, or leaning to the side of the aquarium.
• Fins are unusually lying flat against the body.
• Rolled or caudal fins
• A fish is off by itself and not swimming with the
  school.

144
Signs and Symptoms of Disease

• Fish appears to be in slow motion and not keeping
  up with the other fish.
• Breathing seems unusually faster and deeper than
  normal.
• Fish is at the surface gasping for air.
• Rubbing/scratching against objects in the
  aquarium.
• Not interested in eating.

145
Signs and Symptoms of Disease

• Belly appears caved in or unusually thin.
• Belly appears bloated or swollen.
• Color of fish has changed or unusual.
• Fin appears frayed.
• Back and spinal column appear distorted.
• Eyes are not clear, appear cloudy.
• White spots are covering the body.

146
Signs and Symptoms of Disease

• Scales that stick out from the body instead of
  lying flat.
• Protruding eyes
• Anal discharge hanging from the fish.

147
Parasites of Fish
148
White Spot (Ich)

• Caused by the parasitic organism Ichthyophthirius
  multifiliis and causes numerous white spots on
  the body and fins of a stressed fish. One of the
  most common diseases in aquarium fish.

149
Slime Disease

• Parasites attack skin of fish causing a large
  amount of mucus. May cause death if it attacks
  the gills.

150
Hole-In-The-Head

• Organism Hexsamita live under skin in muscle
  tissue and make the tissue break down and skin
  opens up to make the fish appear to have holes.

151
Velvet Disease

• Organism Oodinium penetrates skin cells and feed
  on fish.

152
White Fungus Growth

• White growth around mouth, fins, eye, and gills.
  A secondary infection is usually present already.

153
Flukes

• Worm-like parasite that attaches to the gills and
  body of the fish.

154
Anchor Worms

• Adhere and burrow under scales to attack the
  muscles

155
Fish Lice

• Attach to body of fish and pierce skin to
  discharge a poison.

156
Bacterial Diseases Affecting Fish
157
Fin Rot

• Where the edges of the fishs fins start to
  appear frayed and ragged, lose their color and
  the tissue between the fins breaks down.

158
Mouth Fungus

• Caused by bacteria with a white tufty material
  appearing around the mouth and white patches on
  the skin.

159
Neon Disease

• Caused by parasite Pleistophora hyphessobryconis.
  This organism is found in the fishs body tissue
  where it causes the production of spores which
  are released when it dies.

160
Tuberculosis

• Causes by bacteria that invades the organs and
  tissues of the body.

161
Pseudomonas and Aeromonas

• Secondary infections in fish that are already
  sick. Fish have swollen bellies, lesions or
  ulcers.

162
Environmental Problems (In the Tank)
163
Environmental Problems

• Lack of oxygen and overabundance or carbon
  dioxide can be readily observed when almost all
  of the fish are swimming near the surface gulping
  for air.
• Incorrect water pH-causes respiratory problems
  and excess mucus production.

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Environmental Problems

• Chemical filtration ability reduced and ammonia
  builds upobserved by cloudy, murky water
• Gravel filtration system pollution buildup of
  iron sulphite can be observed by the black color
  on the gravel.

165
Treatment

• Use of chemicals in the water with the aquarium
  being thoroughly cleaned before the fish are
  returned.
• Placement of fish in a hospital tank for
  treatment before returning to normal tank.
• Most treatments can be found at the local pet
  store.

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Amphibians and Reptiles
167
Salmonella

• Bacterial disease that can be transmitted to
  humans.
• Affects the digestive tract and causes watery,
  green foul-smelling diarrhea.

168
Mouth Rot

• Fungal disease associated with sores or open
  wounds in the mouth.

169
Mites and Ticks

• External parasites that attack amphibians and
  reptiles.
• Mites usually go undetected until there is a
  heavy infestation.
• Symptoms anemia, anorexia, depression, stress,
  listlessness, lack of appetite, possible death.