Topic:%20Chapter%207-%20Ethnicity%20

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Topic Chapter 7- Ethnicity Race

• Aim In what ways can we distinguish between
  ethnicity and race?
• Do Now fill in the Overview of Race and Hispanic
  Origin from the 2010 census based on how you
  perceive yourself
• Clockwise from top left "Afro-Caribbean",
  "Caucasian", "East Asian", "West Asian"

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What do all these people have in common?
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• After media inquiries, the White House confirmed
  that Obama checked only the racial box that says
  "Black, African Am., or Negro," the Associated
  Press reported

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Amerindians Indigenous peoples of the Americas
(below Mayan women, 2012, Guatemala
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What does this image reveal about the concept of
race?
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What race is this baby? Why do you consider the
baby either black or white? What standard are
you using to determine their race?
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• Race is usually understood to be a population of
  humans based on hereditary biological
  characteristics (largely related to soft tissue).
  Racial categories are social and political
  constructions because they are based on ideas
  that some biological differences are more
  important than others.

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Think of the arbitrary nature of race like grades
in school

• On the scale of 1-100, which numbers correspond
  with the following grades?
• A-
• B-
• C-
• D-

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• For what reasons do human beings look differently
  from one another - skin color, hair texture, eye
  shape, etc)?

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1. Natural Selection/Adaptation characteristics
   transmitted to enable people to adapt to a
   particular environmental conditions, or climate
   (e.g. - In frigid Arctic regions, native
   populations developed round heads and bodies with
   increased bodily volume and decreased evaporative
   surface area.)
2. Genetic Drift heritable traits (such as flatness
   of face) that is accentuated through inbreeding.
   In isolation, a trait may develop in one group
   and not another - mostly nonadaptive (e.g. - tiny
   mutations in DNA code explains the skin whitening
   associated with Caucasian populations.)

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• Anatomical traits supposedly identifying a
  particular race are often found extensively in
  other populations as well.  This is due to the
  fact that similar natural selection factors in
  different parts of the world often result in the
  evolution of similar adaptations.  For instance,
  intense sunlight in tropical latitudes has
  selected for darker skin color as a protection
  from intense ultraviolet radiation.  As a result,
  the dark brown skin color characteristic of
  sub-Saharan Africans is also found among
  unrelated populations in the Indian subcontinent,
  Australia, New Guinea, and elsewhere in the
  Southwest Pacific.

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Gene Flow (admixture)

• Acts to homogenize neighboring populations.
  Genetically, there is no such thing as a pure
  race. Interbreeding always part of human
  interactions.
• While we may have the urge to group humans
  racially, we cannot use biology to justify it,
  and anthropologists have largely abandoned - and
  geneticists dismissed - the ideas of race as a
  scientific concept.

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The Myth of Race in Humans

• The biologist's definition of race (subspecies)
  in animals does not fit the reality of human
  genetic variation today.  We are an extremely
  homogenous species genetically. 
• All humans today are 99.9 genetically identical,
  and most of the variation that does occur is in
  the difference between males and females.
• This homogeneity is very unusual in the animal
  kingdom.  Even our closest biological relatives,
  the chimpanzees have 2-3 times more genetic
  variation than people.  Orangutans have 8-10
  times more variation.

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• All the women in the photographs on the left are
  genetically similar, but they do not all speak
  the same language, nor do they share any other
  significant cultural patterns due to the fact
  that they were brought up in very different
  societies.  The African American woman is far
  more similar culturally to her European American
  neighbors than to the West African woman from
  Senegal.

Senegalese Woman
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Shui-Hsi Miao women (1911)
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Javanese women, 1902
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Eskimos, 1922
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Garafina People The Garifuna are descendants of
Carb, Arawak and West African people. The British
colonial administration used the term Black Carib
and Garifuna to distinguish them from Yellow and
Red Carib, the Amerindian population that did not
intermarry with Africans
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• Epicanthic folds- small piece of overlapping skin
  that give the eyelid a distinctive appearance-the
  fold is present in East Asians, South African San
  people and Native Americans

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• In the Philippines, the number of Spanish
  settlers was so small that a racial caste system
  was developed, as follows??
• Indio - indigenous person of pure-blooded Malay
  descent?
• Sangley - pure-blooded Chinese immigrant?
• Mestizo de Sangley - mixed-race person of sangley
  and indio ancestry also called chino mestizo?
• Blancos - whites (espanol mestizos, tornatras,
  insulares or espanol filipinos, and
  peninsulares)?
• Insulares - pure-blooded Spaniards born in the
  Philippines (literally "from the islands")
• Peninsulares - pure-blooded Spaniards born in
  Spain (literally "from the peninsula")?

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A mestiza de sangley in a photograph by Francisco
Van Camp, c. 1875/1899.
Sangley mestizo was a term widely used in the
16th to 19th-century Spanish Philippines to
differentiate ethnic Chinese from other types of
island mestizos (such as those of mixed Indio and
Spanish ancestry, or Chinese/Malay ancestry, who
were much fewer in number.)
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• Scientists have taken blood samples from 93
  people living in and around Liqian, a settlement
  in north-western China on the fringes of the Gobi
  desert, more than 200 miles from the nearest
  city.They are seeking an explanation for the
  unusual number of local people with western
  characteristics green eyes, big noses, and even
  blonde hair mixed with traditional Chinese
  features."I really think we are descended from
  the Romans," said Song Guorong, 48, who with his
  wavy hair, six-foot frame and strikingly long,
  hooked nose stands out from his short,
  round-faced office colleagues.

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• So if thats how we define race, then what
  exactly is ethnicity?

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Ethnicity

• Cultural traits, rather than arbitrary physical
  characteristics. Ethnicity dominates the worlds
  patterns
• Ethnic groups tied to place
• Shared history, traditions, cultural landscapes,
  perceived threat to language or religion
• Ethnicity comes from opposing forces of
  connections with other groups, and isolation from
  them

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Jews of Kaifeng, late nineteenth or early
twentieth century.