What are the indexes of modernity?

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What are the indexes of modernity?

• Pressures for increased democracy
• Loosening of old customs
• Questioning of ancestral religions increased
  secularization
• Demands for individual liberation
• Expectation of a higher standard of living
• Drive for more equality (gender, race, class,
  religious, nationalities)
• Elaborate means of transportation and
  communication
• Advanced science, medicine, hygiene, agriculture
• Sophisticated means for fighting or negotiating
  peace
• Complex networks of finance and trade

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• I. The Renaissance was the period that followed
  (brought Europe out of) the Middle Ages. It was a
  time of renewed interest in things of this world.
• A. Human beings and their conditions
• B. Education, art, literature, and science
• C. Approximately 1300 - 1600

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WHY IMPORTANT?Renaissance ideas which are still
in use

• Respect for dignity of the individual and
  liberty
• Science replaces faith as source of material
  knowledge
• Expectation of a decent standard of living and
  growth of middle class
• Diplomacy and balance of power deployed
• Centralized state authority serves as a buffer
  against feudalism and disorder

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• The Renaissance started in Italy where wealth
  from trade supported art learning.
• A. Here also modern capitalism was born. Private
  individuals or companies, not the government,
  owned businesses. The main goal is profit.
• B. Republican government arose in most cities.
  Citizens participated.

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What was Italy in the 14-1500s

• Many city states and kingdoms
• No centralized authority to create a unified
  Italy
• While still mostly rural, the Italian peninsula
  was the most urbanized place in Europe
• Wealthy people made the rules

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The Medicis

• Began as merchants then took capital went into
  banking
• Became powerful politicians and married into
  royal and papal families
• Lorenzo builds a library of classical works,
  patronizes artists

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Machiavelli wrote a book called The Prince

• Do the ends justify the means?
• Conflict of western values
• -is the state more important than the
  individual?
• -is order and stability more important than
  individual rights?
• Is politics divorced from ethics?
• Politics as a science
• -leaders can study what worked in the past as
  a guide to policy
• -leaders must pursue pragmatic policies, not
  ethical ideals
• Leaders should do anything necessary to stay in
  power

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Renaissance HumanismEmphasized

• Beauty of human mind and body
• Civic humanism Power of individual to improve,
  excel and create progress
• Heightened awareness of individualism, beauty,
  the dignity of man
• Used the human form as a metaphor for the
  potentiality and power of the human mind
• Required the support of wealthy patrons
• A liberal arts education was the means to
  individual fulfillment and social progress

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• A. Leanardo da Vinci (1452-1519) painted (Mona
  Lisa), studied geology, chemistry and anatomy,
  designed buildings, canals and weapons, and
  sketched engines and flying machines.

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• B. Michelangelo Buonaroti (1475-1564) painted
  (the Sistine Chapel ceiling), sculptured (David),
  designed buildings, and wrote poetry.

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c. Donatello

• Revived free-standing sculpture
• Studied human anatomy

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d. Raphaels The Three Graces

• Emphasis
• on beauty

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• e. William Shakespeare wrote plays showing humans
  as in God's image, but part of this world as well.

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Inventions of the Renaissance

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Clocks

• The oldest surviving mechanical clock were made
  in the 1300s.
• Italian scientist Galileo discovered the
  pendulum.
• This made for better time keeping.

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Water clocks and hourglasses

• Water clocks and hourglasses were widely using in
  the 1500s.

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The Watch (portable timepiece)

• The portable watch was invented by German Peter
  Henlein in 1505
• He created his watch to be spring powered making
  it much smaller.
• This watch was a pocket watch. The wrist watch
  didnt come into widespread use until the 1800s.

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Printing

• The Chinese were the first to invent printing in
  868.
• In the mid-1400s, Johan Gutenberg of Germany
  invented a printing press using moveable type.
• Now books could be printed with greater speed and
  less effort.
• The Gutenberg Bible is considered one of the
  first books ever printed.

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Eyeglasses

• Eyeglasses were invented in the 1300s.
• With the invention of the printing press in the
  1400s, the demand for eyeglasses increased.
• Far-sighted glasses (for reading) were developed
  first.
• Later on near-sightedness was able to be
  corrected.

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Lenses

• Lenses were used for more than just eyeglasses.
• Galileo used lenses to make an astronomical
  telescope to look at the stars and planets in
  1606.
• Isaac Newton made the first reflecting telescope
  in 1668.

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The Musket

• The musket was the first usable rifle that
  soldiers could carry into battle.
• It was developed in Spain in the 1500s.
• It could fire a metal ball that could seriously
  kill or hurt someone.
• The first muskets were very large weighing 40
  pounds and being over 6 feet long.
• They were very hard to use.

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The Rudder

• The invention of the rudder in the 1200s greatly
  increased the control over steering a ship.

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The Flush Toilet

• The flush toilet, or water closet as it was
  called dates back to 1589 when it was invented by
  Sir John Harington.
• Harington invented a valve that when pulled would
  release water from a water closet. Sir John
  recommended flushing the toilet once or twice a
  day, although with our modern technology, we know
  that is probably not sufficient. (Rumor has it
  that, in Robin Hood's day, King Arthur - angry
  with how his brother ruled the country while the
  King was gone, named the toilet, 'the john' - aka
  as 'the jon' to you folks.)

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Adding Machine

• The French scientist, Blaise Pascal has been
  credited with inventing the very first digital
  calculator. In 1642, the 18-year-old Pascal, the
  son of a French tax collector, invented his
  numerical wheel calculator called the Pascaline,
  to help his father count taxes.

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Thermometer

• The Thermometer was invented by Galileo in 1593
  which, for the first time, allowed temperature
  variations to be measured. In 1714, Gabriel
  Fahrenheit invented the first mercury
  thermometer, the modern thermometer.
• Thermometers measure temperature, by using
  materials that change in some way when they are
  heated or cooled.

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Submarine

• The submarine was invented in 1624 by a man named
  Cornelius van Drebbel.
• Leonardo da Vinci drew out the basic concept of a
  submarine over one hundred years before.
• Drebbel, a Dutch inventor and engineer employed
  by the British navy constructed a leather-
  covered rowboat from which oars protruded through
  watertight seals.
• Drubbel's ship could stay underwater for a few
  hours, but it only went about fifteen feet under
  the surface.

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The Match

• Fire - Robert Boyle invented the match in 1680.
• Although fire could be made by rubbing sticks
  together or by striking flint to steel, this was
  a time consuming process. Boyle discovered that
  when phosphorus and sulfur were rubbed together,
  they would burst into flame.
• Although convenient, Boyle's matches were not
  very safe, because sometimes they accidentally
  went up in flames while in a pocket. (Warm
  surprise!)

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Gothic Cathedrals

• Long isles to the alter
• Large windows for light
• Flying buttresses for support
• Stained glass windows
• Statues of saints
• Towns and trade grow up around the cathedrals

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Cathedrals
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