Building%20a%20New%20Nation

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Building a New Nation

• The Articles of Confederation to the United
  States Constitution

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Timeline of Events

• 1777
• Second Continental Congress adopts the Articles
  of Confederation
• Vermont abolishes slavery
• 1780
• States begin ceding western land to union
• Other northern states emancipate slaves

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Timeline of Events

• 1781
• The Articles of Confederation, which John
  Dickinson helped write five years earlier, go
  into effect
• Joseph II allows religious toleration in Austria
• 1782
• Rama I founds a new dynasty in Siam with Bangkok
  as the capital

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Timeline of Events

• 1783
• The Treaty of Paris at the end of the
  Revolutionary War recognizes United States
  independence
• Russia annexes the Crimean Peninsula
• Ludwig van Beethovens first works are published

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Timeline of Events

• 1784
• Russians found colony in Alaska
• Spain closes the Mississippi River to American
  commerce
• 1785
• Land Ordinance of 1785 is adopted
• The Treaty of Hopewell concerning Native
  Americans lands is signed

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Timeline of Events

• 1785
• New York state outlaws slavery
• Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries cross the
  English Channel in a balloon

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Timeline of Events

• 1786
• Daniel Shays leads a rebellion of farmers in
  Massachusetts
• The Annapolis Convention is held
• The Virginia legislature guarantees religious
  freedom
• Charles Cornwallis becomes governor-general of
  India

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Timeline of Events

• 1787
• The Northwest Ordinance is passed
• Constitutional Convention meets in Philadelphia
• First Federalist paper written
• Delaware first state to ratify new constitution
• Sierra Leone in Africa becomes a haven for freed
  American slaves
• War breaks out between Turkey and Russia

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Timeline of Events

• 1788
• New Hampshire is the ninth state to ratify the
  Constitution on June 21st
• The Constitution, which James Madison helped
  write at the Pennsylvania State House, is
  ratified
• Austria declares war on Turkey
• Bread riots erupt in France

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Timeline of Events

• 1789
• First presidential election
• First Congress meets
• George Washington inaugurated, April 30th
• Bill of Rights passed by Congress
• Judiciary Act of 1789 passed
• 1790
• Funding and Assumption passed

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Timeline of Events

• 1791
• First Bank of the United States created
• Ratification of the Bill of Rights completed on
  December 15th
• 1792
• Washington reelected unanimously

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The Articles of Confederation

• Basic ideas
• Two levels of government will share fundamental
  powers
• State governments had some supreme powers while
  the federal government had others

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The Articles of Confederation

• Powers given to Congress
• Declare war
• Make peace
• Sign treaties
• Borrow money
• Set standards for coins for weights measures
• Establish a postal service
• Deal with Native American peoples

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The Articles of Confederation

• Weaknesses
• Each state had only one vote in Congress,
  regardless of size
• Congress could not enact or collect taxes
• Congress could not regulate interstate or foreign
  trade
• No executive branch to enforce the laws of
  Congress

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The Articles of Confederation

• Weaknesses
• No national court system to settle legal disputes
• Articles could be amended only if all states
  approved (unanimous)
• 2/3 majority needed to pass any law (9 out of 13
  states)
• The 13 separate states lacked national unity

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The Articles of Confederation

• By 1779, 12 states had agreed to accept the
  Articles of Confederation
• Maryland refused until Virginia New York agreed
  to cede the land
• 1781 March 1st Maryland finally accepts the
  Articles of Confederation and they go into effect

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The Articles of Confederation

• Achievements
• Brought the American Revolution to a successful
  conclusion
• Fostered nationalism
• Kept the states united
• Negotiated and signed the Treaty of Paris (1783)
• Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the
  Northwest Ordinance of 1787

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Land Ordinance of 1785

• Established a plan for surveying the land
• Divided the land into townships of 36 square
  miles
• Each section is 640 acres
• An individual could buy a section and sell off
  acreage
• Typical farm is 160 acres (4 farms per section)
• Minimum price - 1.00 per acre

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Was the procedure for dividing the land into
  territories
• Set requirements for the admission of new states
• Overlooked the land claims of the native Americans

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Requirements for admission of new states
• Congress would appoint a territorial governor and
  judges
• A territory with 5000 voting residents (white
  male landowners) could write a temporary
  constitution and elect their own government
• When the population reached 60,000 free
  inhabitants, the settlers could write a state
  constitution, have it approved by Congress and
  then be granted statehood

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Provisions
• Bars slavery from the Northwest Territory
• Abolishes primogeniture
• Guarantees freedom of religion
• Carefully defines the individuals rights in court
• Establishes the rules for creating states

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Problems under the Articles

• Shays Rebellion
• Uprising in Massachusetts (1786 1787)
• Caused by excessive land taxation, high legal
  costs, and an economic depression following the
  Revolution
• Poor farmers were threatened with loss of their
  property or imprisonment for their debt

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Problems under the Articles

• Shays Rebellion
• All over the state in 1786, smaller uprisings
  were stopping courts from holding session
• Daniel Shays led an army of 1,000 farmers to
  seize the arsenal in Springfield, MA
• Without authorization, the Massachusetts militia
  stopped Shays and his men before they could seize
  the arsenal

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Annapolis Convention

• In 1786, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and
  others called for a convention to revise the
  Articles of Confederation
• The assembly met in Annapolis, MD from September
  11 - 16
• Five states sent delegates to the Annapolis
  Convention where they decided to set a convention
  for the following year in Philadelphia,
  Pennsylvania.

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Annapolis Convention
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Ending the Confederation

• After Shays Rebellion, 12 states, except Rhode
  Island, sent delegates to a convention in
  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• So in the same room that the delegates of the
  Second Continental Congress created and signed
  the Declaration of Independence, a convention was
  held and a group of men led by George Washington
  brought forth a new government after deciding to
  do away with the ineffective and weak Articles of
  Confederation.

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Creating a New Government

• In May of 1787, 55 men met in Philadelphia, PA in
  a closed room to revise the Articles of
  Confederation.
• What they chose to do instead was create a brand
  new form of government, one that we still use
  today.
• George Washington was elected chairman of the
  convention

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Dealing with the Issues

• In the process of creating a new government, the
  delegates needed to solve the issue at hand
• Balance of Power
• Congressional Vote
• Slaves
• Rights of the People

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Representation in Congress

• Large v. Small states
• Two plans were developed
• Virginia Plan
• New Jersey Plan
• Compromise was needed
• Connecticut Compromise also known as the Great
  Compromise

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Virginia Plan

• Written by James Madison
• Proposed a bicameral (two house) legislature with
  membership based on each states population
• Lower house would be elected by the people, the
  upper house by the lower house
• Had three levels of government that shared powers
  (executive, legislative, and judicial)

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New Jersey Plan

• Written by William Paterson
• Proposed a unicameral (one house) legislature
  with each state being given one vote in Congress
  regardless of size
• Had three levels of government that shared powers
  (executive, legislative, and judicial

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The Great Compromise

• Also known as the Connecticut Compromise
• Written by Roger Sherman
• Proposed a bicameral (two house) legislature
• The upper house (Senate) would have equal
  representation 2 votes per state who were
  elected by the state legislatures.
• The lower house (House of Representatives) would
  have representation based on population of the
  state elected by the voters.
• Had three levels of government that shared powers
  (executive, legislative, and judicial)

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Three-Fifths Compromise

• Northern v. Southern States
• Northern states did not want slaves counted when
  figuring representation in the House of
  Representatives
• Northern states wanted slaves counted when
  levying taxes
• Southern states wanted slaves counted when
  figuring representation in the House of
  Representatives
• Southern states did not want slaves counted when
  levying taxes

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Three-Fifths Compromise

• The Compromise
• 3 out of every 5 slaves would be counted for
  representation in the House of Representatives as
  well as for tax purposes
• This settled the political issue but not the
  economic issue of slavery

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Division of Powers

• Strong Central Government v. Strong State
  Governments
• Strong Central Government
• Authority derives power from the people
• The central government should be stronger than
  the states
• Strong State Government
• Authority derives from the states
• The states should remain stronger than the
  central government

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Division of Powers

• Federalism
• A new system of government in which powers are
  divided between the national government and state
  governments
• Delegated (enumerated) powers are powers given to
  the national government by the Constitution
• Concurrent powers are those shared by the
  national and state governments
• Reserved powers are those only given to the
  states

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Division of Powers

• Delegated Powers
• Print money
• Regulate interstate (between states) and
  international trade
• Make treaties and conduct foreign policy
• Declare war
• Provide an army and navy
• Establish post offices
• Make laws necessary and proper to carry out these
  powers

• Reserved Powers
• Issue licenses
• Regulate intrastate (within the state) businesses
  
• Conduct elections
• Establish local governments
• Ratify amendments to the Constitution
• Take measures for public health and safety
• May exert powers the Constitution does not
  delegate to the national government or prohibit
  the states from using

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Separation of Powers

• Three Branches of Government
• Executive
• Headed by the President
• Enforces the laws
• Legislative
• Headed by Congress
• Makes the laws
• Judicial
• Headed by the Supreme Court
• Interprets the laws

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Checks and Balances

• This system was established to prevent any one
  branch from dominating the others.
• Each branch is given powers so that they may
  check to make sure the others are not abusing the
  powers given to them.

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Electoral College

• Each state is given a certain number of electors
  (based on representation in Congress)
• Voters choose which electors will be sent to vote
  for the candidate who wins the state
• The electors place their votes and whoever wins
  becomes president

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Amending the Constitution

• In order to make the Constitution a success, the
  delegates provided a way to amend (alter) it.
• 2/3 of both houses of Congress or 2/3 of the
  states may call for a convention to propose
  amendments
• Once an amendment has been agreed upon by the
  convention, ¾ of the states need to ratify it for
  it to become law.
• The Constitution has been amended only 27 times.

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Ratification

• Ratification (official approval) required that
  9 out of 13 states approve it
• Two groups emerged during this time
• Federalists
• Anti-Federalists
• Occurred on June 21, 1788 when New Hampshire
  became the 9th state to ratify the Constitution
• Delaware was the first to ratify, Virginia, the
  10th, and Rhode Island the last in 1790

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Federalists

• Supported the Constitution as it was
• Favored a strong national government that shared
  some powers with the states
• Believed a strong national government was
  necessary to facilitate interstate commerce and
  to manage foreign trade, national defense, and
  foreign relations
• Believed that the Constitution did not need a
  bill of rights because the states had already
  provided for them in their constitutions

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John Jay
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
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Anti-Federalists

• Believed that a strong national government would
  take too much power from the state and local
  governments
• Believed a Bill of Rights was necessary to
  protect peoples rights

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Patrick Henry
DeWitt Clinton
Samuel Adams
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Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
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Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

• 1786
• Written by Thomas Jefferson
• Allows for religious freedom in Virginia
• Denies an established church
• Basis for the First Amendment

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Virginia Declaration of Rights
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Virginia Declaration of Rights

• 1776
• Written by George Mason
• Stated that every person has basic human rights
  that the government cannot take away
• French based their Declaration of the Rights of
  Man and the Citizen on this document

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Bill of Rights

• In order for the Constitution to be ratified, the
  people demanded a Bill of Rights
• First ten amendments to the Constitution
• Written largely by James Madison
• 12 amendments were submitted to the people only
  10 passed

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Bill of Rights

• Amendment 1
• Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly and
  Petition
• Amendment 2
• The right to bear arms
• Amendment 3
• The quartering of soldiers
• Amendment 4
• Search and Seizure (probable cause)

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Bill of Rights

• Amendment 5
• Rights of the Accused trial by jury, double
  jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process of law
• Amendment 6
• Right to a speedy, public trial
• Amendment 7
• Trial by jury in civil cases and common law
• Amendment 8
• Limits on fines and punishments

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Bill of Rights

• Amendment 9
• Rights of the People
• The government cannot interfere with a persons
  choices in certain cases
• Amendment 10
• Powers of the States and People
• Powers not delegated in the Constitution are
  reserved to the states and the people

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Adoption of the Bill of Rights

• September 1789
• Congress submitted 12 amendments to the state
  legislatures for adoption (ratification)
• December 1791
• ¾ of the states ratified 10 of the 13
• 10 of the 13 original states had ratified by 1791
• Three of the original states did not ratify the
  Bill of Rights until the 20th century
• Massachusetts March 2, 1939
• Georgia March 18, 1939
• Connecticut April 19, 1939

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Interesting Facts

• Native Americans and slaves were excluded from
  the Bill of Rights
• Women were not mentioned in the Constitution
• Later amendments would protect these groups
• The flexibility of the U.S. Constitution made it
  a model for governments around the world.