Politics of Racial

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Politics of Racial Social Change

• Three Groupings in United States Cities

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Roots of Racial Segregation in the Cities

• Exodus from the rural south to urban ghettos
• After World War I a trickle
• After World War II mass migration
• Informal covenants kept African Americans in
  ghettos
• Even more extensive in southern cities

3
African American Mobilization for Change

• Booker T. Washington as spokesman for
  individualistic integration
• NAACP first national African American advocacy
  group
• Civil Rights Movement African American
  Establishment
• Returning veterans from World War II
• SCLC and Martin Luther King Jr.
• African Urban Churches

4
Anger and political mobilization

• Martin Luther King I have a dream

• Huey P. Newton Bobby Seale

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Nation of Islam

• Elijah Muhammad
• Established Muslim Temple in Detroit (1934)
• Complete separation from white society

• Louis Farrakan current leader

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Alternatives to the African-American
Establishment Malcolm X

• Began as a collaborator of Elijah Muhammad
• Mission to the urban poor
• Radical anti-white perspective that modified
  toward the end
• Assassinated 1965

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More Riots in American Cities

• Trajectory of Riots/Urban Violence
• Cleveland 1966
• Newark 1967
• Detroit 1967
• Washington, D.C. 1968
• Los Angeles again 1992
• Cincinnati 2001

8
Watts (Los Angeles) Riots August 1965

• Triggered by arrest for drunk driving by
  California patrol
• People gathered and resentment toward police
  boiled over
• Anger over repeal of fair housing act

• 35 million in property damage mostly in
  African-American areas
• 34 people killed
• 1032 injured

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African Americans and Voting Rights

• 1965 Voting Rights Act
• Federal government could appoint voting examiners
  who could register people
• Suspended literacy tests
• Justice Department must approve changes voting
  laws and voter qualifications
• Attorney General has authority to enforce
  provisions of the act

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African Americans and Voting

• Controversy Surrounding at large elections
• Courts and at large elections
• Rejected attempts to move from ward to at large
  elections
• Hasnt struck down existing at large systems
• When changes requested federal government has
  forced cities to guarantee representation to
  minorities

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Redistricting Minority Voting Rights Recent
Decisions

• Nature of redistricting
• How much minority population should a minority
  district have?
• 65 majority rule of thumb

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Road to African-American Political Incorporation
Remains Unclear

• Levels of political incorporation
• Weak mobilization and exclusion
• Protest and exclusion (Oakland before 1977)
• Weak mobilization and incorporation (San
  Francisco during 1970s)
• Biracial electoral alliance and strong
  incorporation (Berkeley)

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African American Mayors Pioneers and part of the
establishment

• Mayor Tom Bradley of Los Angeles, 1973-1993

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Incorporation in 21st Century

• Expands public sector opportunities for
  minorities
• African American Mayors (strategies of
  responsiveness)
• Private sector investment in areas where there
  are large numbers of African-Americans
• Aggressive affirmative action in competition for
  public sector jobs in the cities

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Hispanics (Overview)
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Current Status

• Hispanics constitute the largest minority group
  in the United States
• Hispanics account for 41.3 million people in the
  US
• 14.3 of the US population is of Hispanic origin
• Growth rate for Hispanics is 3.6 compared to
  1.0 overall population growth

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Current Status

• Hispanic population in each region
• Northeast 9.8
• Midwest 4.9
• South 11.6
• West 24.3
• Top Three States
• New Mexico 42.1
• California 32.4
• Texas 32

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Voter Turnout

• 2006
• 73 voted Democrat
• 26 voted Republican
• 2004
• 55 voted Democrat
• 42 voted Republican

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Political Diversity

• Cubans and Colombians tend to favor conservative
  political ideologies and support the Republicans
• Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans lean more
  towards the Democrats
• Mexicans make up approximately 63 of all
  Hispanics in the US while Cubans only constitute
  4. Dominicans and Puerto Ricans make up another
  13.
• Note that the location of the Hispanic population
  also influences party affiliation.
• California Latinos voted 63-32 for John Kerry in
  2004
• Arizona and New Mexico Latinos by a smaller 56-43
  margin
• Texas Latinos were split nearly evenly
• Florida Latinos (mostly being Cuban American)
  backed President Bush by a 54-45 margin.

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2006 Midterm Election

• Hispanics voted overwhelmingly Democrat, with a
  lopsided 69-30 margin. For the first time
  Florida Latinos were split evenly.
• The key element leading to this voting behavior
• was the heated immigration debate and H.R. 4437
  (The Border
• Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal
  Immigration
• Control Act of 2005).
• - H.R. 4437 passed the House by a vote of 239 to
• 182, with 92 of Republicans supporting,
  82
• of Democrats opposing.

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Religious diversity

• 70 are Roman Catholic
• 23 are Protestant, 85 of which are
• Evangelical or Pentecostal.
• Less than 1 are Jewish.
• Most are descendants of
• Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from
• Europe particularly to Argentina.
• Less than 1 are Muslims.

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MEXICANS
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Mexico - History

• Pre-Colonization Southwest inhabited by Native
  Americans and Spanish
• 1810 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Mexican
  Independence
• 1821 Mexico opens borders to United States
• Trade regions
• Hunting
• Settlement

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Mexico - History

• Highly unstable government
• U.S.-Mexico War 1846
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848
• 15 million for the northern third of Mexico
• Recognized prior land grants in the Southwest
• Offered citizenship to any Mexicans residing in
  the area
• 1845-1854 the United States acquires half of
  Mexico

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Mexicans Immigration Trends

• 1848 lt15,000 Mexican Americans (outside of New
  Mexico)
• 1890 75,000 Mexicans had migrated to the United
  States.
• 1900 Mexicans (immigrants and native-born)
  totaled between 381,000 and 562,000
• Cycles of mass immigration from Mexico followed
  by efforts at deportation and voluntary departure

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Mexicans Labor Force

• Correlation between the need for labor and the
  increase/decrease of Mexican immigrants

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Mexicans Current Status

• Make up 64 of the Hispanic population in the
  United States.
• Cities with high Mexican population
• Chicago (IL)
• Houston (TX)
• Los Angeles (CA)
• Median Income of Mexican-American families
  (2000) 27,600

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Mexicans Political Mobilization

• The Catholic Church
• Unions
• Industrial Workers of the World
• United Mine Workers of America
• United Farm Workers
• Democratic Party
• Republican Party

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Mexicans - Political lssues

• Making undocumented immigrants legal
• Defense of immigrant workers rights.

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Case of San Antonio

• Growing numbers of Mexican Americans in
  1960s/1970s
• Annexation in 1975
• Diluted Mexican American voting strength
• Council seat districts created to insure
  representation to African Americans and Mexican
  Americans
• Broad coalition elects Henry Cisneros

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CUBANS
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Cuba History

• Former Spanish Colony
• Independence movement Ten Years War (1868)
• Short truce, then Spanish American War (1898)
• U.S. granted Cuba independence with certain
  guidelines (1902)
• Fall of the Cuban Republic government and U.S.
  relations Depression, Batista, Mafia
  (1902-1959)
• Rise of Fidel Castro and the fall of U.S.
  investments. (1959)

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Cubans Recent Immigration

• 1st Wave (1960-1980)
• Followed Castros Cuban Revolution
• Hundreds of thousands, upper/middle classes
• 2nd Wave (1980s)
• Followed economic downturn
• Est. 120,000 some from jails/mental asylums
• Mariel Boatlift Crisis disliked by Cuban
  Americans
• 3rd Wave (1994)
• Followed political turmoil
• Est. 35,000 during summer months
• Aug. 23 3,253 intercepted by Coast Guard
• Balsero Rafter Crisis

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Cubans - Location

• Largest populations of Cuban Americans
• Miami, FL
• Hialeah, FL
• Union City, NJ
• New York, NY
• Key West, FL
• Tampa, FL

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Cubans - Location

• Transformed Miami into a distinct modern city
• Outside of Miami, have assimilated into American
  Culture
• States with high Cuban population growth
• California
• Georgia
• Illinois
• North Carolina
• Virginia

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Cubans - Population

• 1.5 million Cuban Americans
• 4 of US Hispanic population
• Compared to overall Hispanic population
• Older
• More educated
• More wealthy

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Cuban Urban Politics

• Felt most markedly in city of Miami
• Cubans a slight majority of population
• Anti-communism and conservatism more important
  than in other Hispanic-American communities
• Tensions in African-American - Cuban relations
  in Miami
• Corruption electoral fraud led voters to
  approve (1997) a strong mayor system

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Puerto Ricans
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Puerto Rico - Today

• Pop. of 3.95 million living on the island
• Puerto Ricans have US citizenship, currency, and
  defense
• Cant vote in presidential elections
• Spanish and English are the official languages
• Racial breakdown
• Spanish (European)
• Taino (Amerindian)
• Africans

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Puerto Ricans - Migration

• Peak period of migration came after World War II.
  
• During the 1940s, the population grew from 70,000
  to 226,000.
• By 1970
• 810,000 Puerto Rican migrants and another
  581,000 mainland-born Puerto Ricans lived in the
  United States.

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Puerto Ricans - Migration

• Currently there are 3.4 million Puerto Ricans
  living on the U.S. mainland
• Puerto Ricans are the second largest Latino group
  in the United States

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Puerto Ricans- Status

• Employment
• In 2003, 20.7 were in professional-managerial
  occupations, 33.7 percent were in service-sales
  jobs.
• Poverty
• 22.8 for families
• Education
• Of those 25 years and older, 63.2 have
  graduated from high school
• 9.9 have 4 yr. college degree

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BRAZIL
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Brazil Today

• Largest and most populous country in South
  America
• Only Portuguese speaking country in the Americas
• Multiracial
• Largest Roman Catholic population in the world
• Largest protestant population in Latin America

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Brazilians - Immigration

• 87 of Brazilians in US born in Brazil
• 70 of Brazilians in US are illegal
• Why Immigrate?
• More than ½ have friends or relatives already in
  US
• ¼ Permanently Immigrate

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Brazilians - Immigration

• Largest Brazilian Settlements on East Coast
• By Population
• Boston 150,000
• New York 80,000-150,000
• Florida 65000
• California 20,000
• Houston 10,000
• Washington D.C. 10,000

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Asian Americans
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Chinese First Large Scale Asian Migration to the
United States

• Central Pacific working from Sacramento toward
  Nebraska
• 9,000 12,000 Chinese worked for Central Pacific
• Paid only 60 of wages received by European
  immigrants
• 3,336,966(1.2 of the US population)

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Japanese-Americans

• First wave of Japanese immigrants to provide
  agricultural labor
• Hawaii sugarcane and pineapple plantations,
• California fruit and produce farms
• 1924 United States Immigration Act banned
  immigration from Japan (Yellow Peril)
• Japanese Americans placed in internment camps
  during Second World War
• President Regan and Congress apologize for
  internment
• Current number of Japanese-Americans 1.2million
  (0.4 population)

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Filipino Americans

• Battle of Manila Bay
• U.S. colonialism (1898 1946)
• Second largest source of immigrants in some years
  of 1990s
• 2.2 million in the USA

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Indian-Americans

• 1943 Republican Clara Booth Luce and Democrat
  Emanuel Celler introduce a bill to open
  naturalization to Indian immigrants to the US.
• Immigrants from India are generally well educated
  and high achieving
• 2,479,4240.9 of US population

• SubrahmanyanChandrasekhar (shown above) and Har
  Gobind Khorana are the 2 Indian Americans to have
  won the Nobel Prize

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Vietnamese Americans

• 1,418,3340.5 of the US population
• Concentrated in California, Texas, Washington,
  Virginia
• Disproportionately large number of
  Vietnamese-Americans are Christians

• South Vietnamese civilians scramble to board a
• US helicopter during the American evacuation of
• Saigon.

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Issues of Concern to Asian-Americans

• Immigration
• Bilingualism
• Jobs