Title: Andrew%20Jackson
1Andrew Jackson 1767 - 1845
Mrs. Perrance - US AP
2Essential Question
Champion of the Common Man?
KingAndrew?
OR
3Jackson, along with his brother Robert, joined
the Continental Army during the Revolutionary
War, where they served as couriers. At one point
both boys were taken prisoner by the British.
When they refused to shine the boots of one of
their captors, the officer struck Jackson with
his saber, wounding him on the hand and forehead.
Due to that incident, he carried a hatred of the
British for the remainder of his life. Both boys
caught smallpox during this time. While Jackson
survived, his brother fell victim to the disease
and died. Jackson, who due to his ruggedness
became known as "Old Hickory," continued serving
in the army becoming a nationally recognized hero
following his defeat of the British in the Battle
of New Orleans in 1815. Later, he fought the
Creek Wars as well as the Seminole War in
Florida. He became Florida's military governor in
1819 after Spain ceded it to the United States in
the Adams-Onís Treaty. Jackson prospered
sufficiently to buy slaves and to build a
mansion, the Hermitage, near Nashville. He was
the first man elected from Tennessee to the House
of Representatives, and he served briefly in the
Senate.
4President No. 7th When did Andrew Jackson serve?
1829-1837 What was Andrew Jackson's party?
Democratic-Republican Where was Andrew Jackson
from? Tennessee Who was Andrew Jackson's wife?
Rachel Donelson Jackson When was Andrew Jackson
born? March 15, 1767 Where was Andrew Jackson
born? Waxhaw, South Carolina. When did Andrew
Jackson die? June 8, 1845 Where did Andrew
Jackson die? The Hermitage near Nashville,
Tennessee. Which college did Andrew Jackson
attend? Salisbury, North Carolina What was Andrew
Jackson's Jobs Before President? Lawyer, Governor
of the Territory of Florida, U.S. Senator,
Congressman What was Andrew Jackson's height? 6
feet, 1 inches What was the population when
Andrew Jackson was president? 15,900,000 What
were Andrew Jackson hobbies? Riding What pets did
Andrew Jackson keep? Horses What transportation
did Andrew Jackson use? Train How did Andrew
Jackson communicate? Letter
5What were the democratic trends in the 19c?
6Voter Turnout 1820 - 1860
7Why Increased Democratization?
- White male suffrage increased
- Party nominating committees.
- Voters chose their states slate of Presidential
electors. - Spoils system.
- Rise of Third Parties.
- Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
etc.) - Two-party system returned in the 1832 election
- Dem-Reps ? Natl. Reps.(1828) ? Whigs
(1832) ? Republicans (1854) - Democrats (1828)
8Why Increased Democratization?
- The term spoils system refers to the conferral
of office on people based upon political concerns
rather than fitness for office. Viewed in its
best light, it was a further expression of
increased democratization in American
politicsone need not be a member of the elite in
order to govern. - Upon assuming office, Jackson was intent upon
punishing his opponents and ridding the
government of the services of those who
represented the financial interests of New
England. Martin Van Buren was named secretary of
state and John H. Eaton as secretary of war both
were strong political allies of the president. - During his two administrations, Jackson replaced
less than twenty percent of federal office
holders. That percentage was in line with his
predecessors, but differed in that Jackson's
dismissals were clearly more politically
motivated. - A Jackson supporter, Sen. William L. Marcy, was
responsible for providing a name for this
practice when he declared, To the victor belong
the spoils. - The spoils system remained an important part of
the political landscape until the civil service
reforms toward the end of the century. - In actual practice, Jackson often avoided drawing
upon the wisdom of his formal cabinet officials,
preferring to confer frequently with an informal
group of friends dubbed the kitchen cabinet.
9Jackson's First Presidential Run
10The Common MansPresidential Candidate
11Jacksons Opponents in 1824
John Quincy AdamsMA
Henry ClayKY
William Crawford GA
12Results of the 1824 Election
A Corrupt Bargain?
131 needed!
13Why Increased Democratization?
- The 1824 presidential election marked the final
collapse of the Republican-Federalist political
framework. For the first time no candidate ran as
a Federalist, while five significant candidates
competed as Democratic-Republicans. Clearly, no
party system functioned in 1824. The official
candidate of the Democratic-Republicans to
replace Monroe was William H. Crawford, the
secretary of the treasury. A caucus of
Republicans in Congress had selected him, but
this backing by party insiders turned out to be a
liability as other candidates called for a more
open process for selecting candidates. - The outcome of the very close election surprised
political leaders. The winner in the
all-important Electoral College was Andrew
Jackson, the hero of the War of 1812, with
ninety-nine votes. He was followed by John Quincy
Adams, the son of the second president and
Monroe' secretary of state, who secured
eighty-four votes. Meanwhile Crawford trailed
well behind with just forty-one votes. Although
Jackson seemed to have won a narrow victory,
receiving 43 percent of the popular vote versus
just 30 percent for Adams, he would not be seated
as the country's sixth president. Because nobody
had received a majority of votes in the electoral
college, the House of Representatives had to
choose between the top two candidates. - After losing the Presidency to Andrew Jackson in
1828, John Quincy Adams was elected to the House
of Representatives where he served until his
death in 1848. - Henry Clay, the speaker of the House of
Representatives, now held a decisive position. As
a presidential candidate himself in 1824 (he
finished fourth in the electoral college), Clay
had led some of the strongest attacks against
Jackson. Rather than see the nation's top office
go to a man he detested, the Kentuckian Clay
forged an Ohio Valley-New England coalition that
secured the White House for John Quincy Adams. In
return Adams named Clay as his secretary of
state, a position that had been the
stepping-stone to the presidency for the previous
four executives. - This arrangement, however, hardly proved
beneficial for either Adams or Clay. Denounced
immediately as a "corrupt bargain" by supporters
of Jackson, the antagonistic presidential race of
1828 began practically before Adams even took
office. To Jacksonians the Adams-Clay alliance
symbolized a corrupt system where elite insiders
pursued their own interests without heeding the
will of the people.
14What were the key issues in 1828?
15Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
16Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
17Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
The election of 1828 was extremely negative in
its tone due to allegations regarding Jackson's
marriage to Rachel Robards. Rachel was undergoing
a divorce from her first husband, Col. Lewis
Robards, at the time she and Jackson married.
Only after the marriage did the couple find out
her divorce was not final. They separated until
the divorce was finalized, then were were legally
married soon after. Rachel died on 22 December
1828, six weeks after his election to the
presidency, and Jackson blamed Adams for her
death due to the vicious gossip that had been
spread during the election. Jackson never forgave
Adams for that incident. In addition, he killed a
man named Charles Dickinson in 1806 in a duel
(with pistols) over Mrs. Jackson's honor.
181828 Election Results
19The Center of Population in theCountry Moves WEST
20The New Jackson Coalition
- The Planter Elite in the South
- People on the Frontier
- State Politicians spoils system
- Immigrants in the cities.
21Jacksons Faith in the Common Man
- Intense distrust of Easternestablishment,
monopolies, special privilege. - His heart soul was with theplain folk.
- Belief that the common man was capable of
uncommon achievements.
22The Reign of King Mob
23The Reign of King Mob
- Jackson's presidency began on a sunny,
spring-like day, 4 March 1829. Dressed in a
simple black suit and without a hat, partly out
of respect for his recently deceased wife,
Rachel, and partly in keeping with traditions of
republican simplicity, Jackson made his way on
foot along a thronged Pennsylvania Avenue. From
the east portico of the Capitol, he delivered his
inaugural addressinaudible except to those close
byin which he promised to be "animated by a
proper respect" for the rights of the separate
states. He then took the oath of office, placed
his Bible to his lips, and made a parting bow to
the audience. With great difficulty, he made his
way through the crowd, mounted his horse, and
headed for the White House and what had been
intended as a reception for "ladies and
gentlemen." - What next took place has become a part of
American political folklore. According to one
observer, the White House was inundated "by the
rabble mob," which, in its enthusiasm for the new
president and the refreshments, almost crushed
Jackson to death while making a shambles of the
house. Finally, Jackson was extricated from the
mob and taken to his temporary quarters at a
nearby hotel. "The reign of King 'Mob' seemed
triumphant," one cynic scoffed. There was little
doubt that Jackson's presidency was going to be
different from that of any of his predecessors.
Daniel Webster put it best when he predicted that
Jackson would bring a "breeze with him. Which way
it will blow I cannot tell."
24Andrew Jackson as President
25The Peggy Eaton Affair
26- Daughter of a popular Washington tavern keeper,
Peggy was an attractive, vivacious young woman
who attracted the attention of some of the most
powerful men in America, including Senator John
Eaton, a close friend of Andrew Jackson. As a
young woman Peggy had married John Timberlake, a
Navy purser who spent considerable time at sea.
It was said that his untimely death in a foreign
port was a suicide brought about by Peggy's
infidelity, a charge never proven. Whether true
or not, Peggy got married again, this time to
John Eaton, who soon became a Secretary of War in
Andrew Jackson's cabinet, whom she had met in her
father's establishment. Soon after Jackson's
inauguration it became apparent that the wives of
the other members of Jackson's Cabinet did not
approve of Mrs. Eaton's allegedly lurid past. She
was snubbed at White House receptions, and
Washington political society refused to accept or
return social visits from Mrs. Eaton, and
pronounced themselves scandalized that Mrs. Eaton
was even invited to participate in polite
Washington company. - Jackson had known Peggy Eaton for some time and
liked her. Perhaps more important, Jackson had
lost his wife, Rachel, just months before his
inauguration, and he blamed her death in part on
what he saw as slanderous attacks on Jackson's
own marriage. (When Andrew and Rachel Jackson
first married, questions arose about the timing
of her divorce from her first husband, a
situation that led to the charge that the
Jacksons had been living in sin.) Always one to
take offense at any attack on his personal honor,
Jackson naturally sided with Peggy and John Eaton
and became furious with the allegations. He
fumed "I did not come here to make a cabinet for
the ladies of this place, but for the nation!" - The situation deteriorated to the point where it
became a difficult even for Jackson's cabinet to
conduct its regular business, so preoccupied were
the members with the Eaton affair. Martin Van
Buren, Jackson's Secretary of State, was a
widower and therefore safe from wifely criticism
of Mrs. Eaton. Van Buren could therefore afford
to be kind to Mrs. Eaton, which gratified
Jackson. Finally, as a way out of the "Eaton
malaria," Van Buren offered to resign and
suggested that the rest of the cabinet do so
also. Jackson gratefully accepted his offer and
promised to aid Van Buren, which he did, naming
him Ambassador to Great Britain.
27- There was more to this story, however. The attack
on Mrs. Eaton had been led by Floride Calhoun,
wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun. Calhoun
had been elected vice president both in 1824 and
1828 and had run separately from Jackson, and
there was some old animosity between Jackson and
Calhoun dating back to the time when Calhoun was
Secretary of War under President Monroe and
Jackson was chasing Indians in Florida. Van
Buren's appointment to the Court of St. James had
to be approved by the Senate, and because of
growing opposition to Jackson's policies in the
Senate, the vote for approval turned out to be a
tie. Vice President Calhoun, presiding over the
Senate, cast the deciding vote against Van Buren.
Henry Clay, a savvy politicians himself, remarked
to Calhoun that he had destroyed an ambassador
but created a Vice President. - And so it was. In 1832 Andrew Jackson asked Van
Buren to join him on the Democratic Party ticket
as his running mate and candidate for vice
president. Jackson and Van Buren were elected,
and Van Buren succeeded President Jackson in the
election of 1836. Thus the Peggy Eaton affair,
the story of a woman scorned, rather than
remaining a low-level scandal, altered the course
of American political history, not the first time
nor the last in which a woman would play that
role.
28The Nullification Issue
29The Webster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Daniel WebsterMA
Sen. Robert HayneSC
30Background on Nullification Debate
Senator Samuel Augustus Foot of Connecticut
proposed in late 1829, that the committee on
public lands study the possibility of limiting
the sale of western lands (the Foot Resolution).
This seemingly innocuous suggestion laid bare
some basic regional tensions. Foot represented
the New England view that cheap land encouraged
westward migration, which robbed the factories of
a captive labor supply. The Democrats in the
West opposed the resolution since they favored
cheap land in their region. The states rights
forces in the South took advantage of this
situation and tried to forge an alliance with the
West, hoping that this would lead to reworking
such issues as the tariff. Debate on this matter
continued over a number of weeks and changed from
a discussion of land policy into a debate about
the nature of the Union. Other characters entered
the argument, most notably Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts and Robert Young Hayne of South
Carolina. What followed, the Webster Hayne
debate, was one of the most famous exchanges in
Senate history. Hayne attacked the Foot
Resolution and labeled the Northeasterners as
selfish and unprincipled for their support of
protectionism and conservative land policies.
Webster broadened the debate by examining the
Southern positions on states rights in general
and nullification in particular. He concluded his
second reply with the words, "Liberty and Union,
now and for ever, one and inseparable!"
31The Tariff Issue
321832 Tariff Conflict
- 1828 --gt Tariff of Abomination
- 1832 --gt new tariff
- South Carolinas reaction?
- Jacksons response?
- Clays Compromise Tariff?
33Background on 1816 Tariff
The recently concluded War of 1812 forced
Americans to confront the issue of protecting
their struggling industries. The British had
stashed large quantities of manufactured goods in
warehouses during the war, but when peace was
achieved in 1815, a flood of these goods was
dumped on the American market. New England
manufacturing concerns found it almost impossible
to compete with the cheap foreign imports.
Voices for protective legislation were found
among the former War Hawks. Henry Clay argued on
behalf of the domestic mill and iron industries.
John C. Calhoun, who would later be an ardent foe
of high tariffs, supported protectionism because
he believed that the Souths future would include
industrial development. The Tariff of 1816 was a
mildly protectionist measure, raising the average
rates to around 20 percent. New England
manufacturers actually desired higher rates, but
had not yet developed a sufficient political
presence in Washington to have their way. Daniel
Webster, a great spokesman for New England
interests, opposed the tariff measure. He did not
want to see the nations industrial base
broadened, fearing that New Englands commercial
strength would be diluted
341830
Webster Liberty and Union, now and forever,
one and inseparable. The Senate debated the
tariff question (and the underlying states
rights issue). Senator Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts opposed nullification.
Jackson Our Federal Unionit must be
preserved. He felt the tariffs of 1924 1928
which increased the Tariff of 1816 was an
Abomination because he blamed it for economic
problems in the South.
Calhoun The Union, next to our liberty,
most dear. He believed that the constitution was
based on a compact among the sovereign states.
If the Constitution had been established by 13
sovereign states, he reasoned, then the states
must still be sovereign, and each would have the
right to determine whether acts of Congress were
constitutional. If a state found an act to be
unconstitutional, the state could declare the
offending law nullified, or inoperative, within
its boarders.
35Jackson's Native-American Policy
36Indian Removal
- Jacksons Goal?
- 1830 ? Indian Removal Act
- Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) domestic
dependent nation - Worcester v. GA (1832)
- Jackson John Marshall has made his
decision, now let him enforce it!
37Indian Removal
- Jackson approved the 1830 Indian Removal Act. In
1832, the Supreme court ruled in Worcester v.
Georgia that the state of Georgia could not
regulate the Cherokee Nation by law or invade
Cherokee lands. Jackson refused to abide by the
Supreme Court decision, saying, John Marshall
has made his decision now let him enforce it.
38The Cherokee Nation After 1820
39Indian Removal
40Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
41Jacksons Professed Love forNative Americans
42Renewing the Charter of the 1st National Bank
43Jacksons Use of Federal Power
VETO Jackson Felt the 2nd Federal Bank was an
agent of the wealthy.
1830 ? Maysville Road project in KY
state of his political rival, Henry
Clay
44The National Bank Debate
PresidentJackson
NicholasBiddle
45Bank War
- As President of the Bank of the United StatesThe
bank was first chartered in 1816 and was
essentially a private corporation., Nicholas
Biddle viciously sparred with President Jackson
over the function and power of the Bank. Jackson
saw banks and paper money as potential threats to
the American people. Biddle, on the other hand,
believed that a strong central bank could
regulate the economy and increase American
prosperity. The feud led Jackson to veto the
Bank's bid for re-charter in 1832, stripping it
of its power. His decision to withdraw the
federal government's funds from it in 1833
eventually caused the Bank to collapse.
46Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
Soft(paper)
Hard(specie)
- state bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from
issuingbank notes freely. - supported rapid economic growth speculation.
- felt that coin was the only safecurrency.
- didnt like any bankthat issued banknotes.
- suspicious of expansion speculation.
47The Monster Is Destroyed!
- pet banksJackson took all federal money out of
the national bank and put it into banks that
supported the Democratic Party. People who
opposed created the Whig Party and accussed him
of acting like a king.? - 1832 ? Jackson vetoed the extension of
the 2nd National Bank of the
United States. - 1836 ? the charter expired.
- 1841 ? the bank went bankrupt!
48The Downfall of Mother Bank
49An 1832 Cartoon KingAndrew?
501832 Election Results
Main Issue?
51The Specie Circular (1836)
- wildcat banks.
- buy future federalland only with gold orsilver.
- Jacksons goal?
52Results of the Specie Circular
- Banknotes loose their value.
- Land sales plummeted.
- Credit not available.
- Businesses began to fail.
- Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!
53The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren Old KinderhookO. K.
54The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
55Andrew Jackson in Retirement
56Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844(one year before
his death)
1767 - 1845