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Title: Andrew%20Jackson


1
Andrew Jackson 1767 - 1845
Mrs. Perrance - US AP
2
Essential Question
Champion of the Common Man?
KingAndrew?
OR
3
Jackson, along with his brother Robert, joined
the Continental Army during the Revolutionary
War, where they served as couriers. At one point
both boys were taken prisoner by the British.
When they refused to shine the boots of one of
their captors, the officer struck Jackson with
his saber, wounding him on the hand and forehead.
Due to that incident, he carried a hatred of the
British for the remainder of his life. Both boys
caught smallpox during this time. While Jackson
survived, his brother fell victim to the disease
and died. Jackson, who due to his ruggedness
became known as "Old Hickory," continued serving
in the army becoming a nationally recognized hero
following his defeat of the British in the Battle
of New Orleans in 1815. Later, he fought the
Creek Wars as well as the Seminole War in
Florida. He became Florida's military governor in
1819 after Spain ceded it to the United States in
the Adams-Onís Treaty. Jackson prospered
sufficiently to buy slaves and to build a
mansion, the Hermitage, near Nashville. He was
the first man elected from Tennessee to the House
of Representatives, and he served briefly in the
Senate.
4
President No. 7th When did Andrew Jackson serve?
1829-1837 What was Andrew Jackson's party?
Democratic-Republican Where was Andrew Jackson
from? Tennessee Who was Andrew Jackson's wife?
Rachel Donelson Jackson When was Andrew Jackson
born? March 15, 1767 Where was Andrew Jackson
born? Waxhaw, South Carolina. When did Andrew
Jackson die? June 8, 1845 Where did Andrew
Jackson die? The Hermitage near Nashville,
Tennessee. Which college did Andrew Jackson
attend? Salisbury, North Carolina What was Andrew
Jackson's Jobs Before President? Lawyer, Governor
of the Territory of Florida, U.S. Senator,
Congressman What was Andrew Jackson's height? 6
feet, 1 inches What was the population when
Andrew Jackson was president? 15,900,000 What
were Andrew Jackson hobbies? Riding What pets did
Andrew Jackson keep? Horses What transportation
did Andrew Jackson use? Train How did Andrew
Jackson communicate? Letter
5
What were the democratic trends in the 19c?
6
Voter Turnout 1820 - 1860
7
Why Increased Democratization?
  • White male suffrage increased
  • Party nominating committees.
  • Voters chose their states slate of Presidential
    electors.
  • Spoils system.
  • Rise of Third Parties.
  • Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
    etc.)
  • Two-party system returned in the 1832 election
  • Dem-Reps ? Natl. Reps.(1828) ? Whigs
    (1832) ? Republicans (1854)
  • Democrats (1828)

8
Why Increased Democratization?
  • The term spoils system refers to the conferral
    of office on people based upon political concerns
    rather than fitness for office. Viewed in its
    best light, it was a further expression of
    increased democratization in American
    politicsone need not be a member of the elite in
    order to govern.
  • Upon assuming office, Jackson was intent upon
    punishing his opponents and ridding the
    government of the services of those who
    represented the financial interests of New
    England. Martin Van Buren was named secretary of
    state and John H. Eaton as secretary of war both
    were strong political allies of the president.
  • During his two administrations, Jackson replaced
    less than twenty percent of federal office
    holders. That percentage was in line with his
    predecessors, but differed in that Jackson's
    dismissals were clearly more politically
    motivated.
  • A Jackson supporter, Sen. William L. Marcy, was
    responsible for providing a name for this
    practice when he declared, To the victor belong
    the spoils.
  • The spoils system remained an important part of
    the political landscape until the civil service
    reforms toward the end of the century.
  • In actual practice, Jackson often avoided drawing
    upon the wisdom of his formal cabinet officials,
    preferring to confer frequently with an informal
    group of friends dubbed the kitchen cabinet.

9
Jackson's First Presidential Run
10
The Common MansPresidential Candidate
11
Jacksons Opponents in 1824
John Quincy AdamsMA
Henry ClayKY
William Crawford GA
12
Results of the 1824 Election
A Corrupt Bargain?
131 needed!
13
Why Increased Democratization?
  • The 1824 presidential election marked the final
    collapse of the Republican-Federalist political
    framework. For the first time no candidate ran as
    a Federalist, while five significant candidates
    competed as Democratic-Republicans. Clearly, no
    party system functioned in 1824. The official
    candidate of the Democratic-Republicans to
    replace Monroe was William H. Crawford, the
    secretary of the treasury. A caucus of
    Republicans in Congress had selected him, but
    this backing by party insiders turned out to be a
    liability as other candidates called for a more
    open process for selecting candidates.
  • The outcome of the very close election surprised
    political leaders. The winner in the
    all-important Electoral College was Andrew
    Jackson, the hero of the War of 1812, with
    ninety-nine votes. He was followed by John Quincy
    Adams, the son of the second president and
    Monroe' secretary of state, who secured
    eighty-four votes. Meanwhile Crawford trailed
    well behind with just forty-one votes. Although
    Jackson seemed to have won a narrow victory,
    receiving 43 percent of the popular vote versus
    just 30 percent for Adams, he would not be seated
    as the country's sixth president. Because nobody
    had received a majority of votes in the electoral
    college, the House of Representatives had to
    choose between the top two candidates.
  • After losing the Presidency to Andrew Jackson in
    1828, John Quincy Adams was elected to the House
    of Representatives where he served until his
    death in 1848.
  • Henry Clay, the speaker of the House of
    Representatives, now held a decisive position. As
    a presidential candidate himself in 1824 (he
    finished fourth in the electoral college), Clay
    had led some of the strongest attacks against
    Jackson. Rather than see the nation's top office
    go to a man he detested, the Kentuckian Clay
    forged an Ohio Valley-New England coalition that
    secured the White House for John Quincy Adams. In
    return Adams named Clay as his secretary of
    state, a position that had been the
    stepping-stone to the presidency for the previous
    four executives.
  • This arrangement, however, hardly proved
    beneficial for either Adams or Clay. Denounced
    immediately as a "corrupt bargain" by supporters
    of Jackson, the antagonistic presidential race of
    1828 began practically before Adams even took
    office. To Jacksonians the Adams-Clay alliance
    symbolized a corrupt system where elite insiders
    pursued their own interests without heeding the
    will of the people.

14
What were the key issues in 1828?
15
Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
16
Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
17
Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
The election of 1828 was extremely negative in
its tone due to allegations regarding Jackson's
marriage to Rachel Robards. Rachel was undergoing
a divorce from her first husband, Col. Lewis
Robards, at the time she and Jackson married.
Only after the marriage did the couple find out
her divorce was not final. They separated until
the divorce was finalized, then were were legally
married soon after. Rachel died on 22 December
1828, six weeks after his election to the
presidency, and Jackson blamed Adams for her
death due to the vicious gossip that had been
spread during the election. Jackson never forgave
Adams for that incident. In addition, he killed a
man named Charles Dickinson in 1806 in a duel
(with pistols) over Mrs. Jackson's honor.
18
1828 Election Results
19
The Center of Population in theCountry Moves WEST
20
The New Jackson Coalition
  • The Planter Elite in the South
  • People on the Frontier
  • State Politicians spoils system
  • Immigrants in the cities.

21
Jacksons Faith in the Common Man
  • Intense distrust of Easternestablishment,
    monopolies, special privilege.
  • His heart soul was with theplain folk.
  • Belief that the common man was capable of
    uncommon achievements.

22
The Reign of King Mob
23
The Reign of King Mob
  • Jackson's presidency began on a sunny,
    spring-like day, 4 March 1829. Dressed in a
    simple black suit and without a hat, partly out
    of respect for his recently deceased wife,
    Rachel, and partly in keeping with traditions of
    republican simplicity, Jackson made his way on
    foot along a thronged Pennsylvania Avenue. From
    the east portico of the Capitol, he delivered his
    inaugural addressinaudible except to those close
    byin which he promised to be "animated by a
    proper respect" for the rights of the separate
    states. He then took the oath of office, placed
    his Bible to his lips, and made a parting bow to
    the audience. With great difficulty, he made his
    way through the crowd, mounted his horse, and
    headed for the White House and what had been
    intended as a reception for "ladies and
    gentlemen."
  • What next took place has become a part of
    American political folklore. According to one
    observer, the White House was inundated "by the
    rabble mob," which, in its enthusiasm for the new
    president and the refreshments, almost crushed
    Jackson to death while making a shambles of the
    house. Finally, Jackson was extricated from the
    mob and taken to his temporary quarters at a
    nearby hotel. "The reign of King 'Mob' seemed
    triumphant," one cynic scoffed. There was little
    doubt that Jackson's presidency was going to be
    different from that of any of his predecessors.
    Daniel Webster put it best when he predicted that
    Jackson would bring a "breeze with him. Which way
    it will blow I cannot tell."

24
Andrew Jackson as President
25
The Peggy Eaton Affair
26
  • Daughter of a popular Washington tavern keeper,
    Peggy was an attractive, vivacious young woman
    who attracted the attention of some of the most
    powerful men in America, including Senator John
    Eaton, a close friend of Andrew Jackson. As a
    young woman Peggy had married John Timberlake, a
    Navy purser who spent considerable time at sea.
    It was said that his untimely death in a foreign
    port was a suicide brought about by Peggy's
    infidelity, a charge never proven. Whether true
    or not, Peggy got married again, this time to
    John Eaton, who soon became a Secretary of War in
    Andrew Jackson's cabinet, whom she had met in her
    father's establishment. Soon after Jackson's
    inauguration it became apparent that the wives of
    the other members of Jackson's Cabinet did not
    approve of Mrs. Eaton's allegedly lurid past. She
    was snubbed at White House receptions, and
    Washington political society refused to accept or
    return social visits from Mrs. Eaton, and
    pronounced themselves scandalized that Mrs. Eaton
    was even invited to participate in polite
    Washington company.
  • Jackson had known Peggy Eaton for some time and
    liked her. Perhaps more important, Jackson had
    lost his wife, Rachel, just months before his
    inauguration, and he blamed her death in part on
    what he saw as slanderous attacks on Jackson's
    own marriage. (When Andrew and Rachel Jackson
    first married, questions arose about the timing
    of her divorce from her first husband, a
    situation that led to the charge that the
    Jacksons had been living in sin.) Always one to
    take offense at any attack on his personal honor,
    Jackson naturally sided with Peggy and John Eaton
    and became furious with the allegations. He
    fumed "I did not come here to make a cabinet for
    the ladies of this place, but for the nation!" 
  • The situation deteriorated to the point where it
    became a difficult even for Jackson's cabinet to
    conduct its regular business, so preoccupied were
    the members with the Eaton affair. Martin Van
    Buren, Jackson's Secretary of State, was a
    widower and therefore safe from wifely criticism
    of Mrs. Eaton. Van Buren could therefore afford
    to be kind to Mrs. Eaton, which gratified
    Jackson. Finally, as a way out of the "Eaton
    malaria," Van Buren offered to resign and
    suggested that the rest of the cabinet do so
    also. Jackson gratefully accepted his offer and
    promised to aid Van Buren, which he did, naming
    him Ambassador to Great Britain.

27
  • There was more to this story, however. The attack
    on Mrs. Eaton had been led by Floride Calhoun,
    wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun. Calhoun
    had been elected vice president both in 1824 and
    1828 and had run separately from Jackson, and
    there was some old animosity between Jackson and
    Calhoun dating back to the time when Calhoun was
    Secretary of War under President Monroe and
    Jackson was chasing Indians in Florida. Van
    Buren's appointment to the Court of St. James had
    to be approved by the Senate, and because of
    growing opposition to Jackson's policies in the
    Senate, the vote for approval turned out to be a
    tie. Vice President Calhoun, presiding over the
    Senate, cast the deciding vote against Van Buren.
    Henry Clay, a savvy politicians himself, remarked
    to Calhoun that he had destroyed an ambassador
    but created a Vice President.
  • And so it was. In 1832 Andrew Jackson asked Van
    Buren to join him on the Democratic Party ticket
    as his running mate and candidate for vice
    president. Jackson and Van Buren were elected,
    and Van Buren succeeded President Jackson in the
    election of 1836. Thus the Peggy Eaton affair,
    the story of a woman scorned, rather than
    remaining a low-level scandal, altered the course
    of American political history, not the first time
    nor the last in which a woman would play that
    role.

28
The Nullification Issue
29
The Webster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Daniel WebsterMA
Sen. Robert HayneSC
30
Background on Nullification Debate
Senator Samuel Augustus Foot of Connecticut
proposed in late 1829, that the committee on
public lands study the possibility of limiting
the sale of western lands (the Foot Resolution).
This seemingly innocuous suggestion laid bare
some basic regional tensions. Foot represented
the New England view that cheap land encouraged
westward migration, which robbed the factories of
a captive labor supply. The Democrats in the
West opposed the resolution since they favored
cheap land in their region. The states rights
forces in the South took advantage of this
situation and tried to forge an alliance with the
West, hoping that this would lead to reworking
such issues as the tariff. Debate on this matter
continued over a number of weeks and changed from
a discussion of land policy into a debate about
the nature of the Union. Other characters entered
the argument, most notably Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts and Robert Young Hayne of South
Carolina. What followed, the Webster Hayne
debate, was one of the most famous exchanges in
Senate history. Hayne attacked the Foot
Resolution and labeled the Northeasterners as
selfish and unprincipled for their support of
protectionism and conservative land policies.
Webster broadened the debate by examining the
Southern positions on states rights in general
and nullification in particular. He concluded his
second reply with the words, "Liberty and Union,
now and for ever, one and inseparable!"
31
The Tariff Issue
32
1832 Tariff Conflict
  • 1828 --gt Tariff of Abomination
  • 1832 --gt new tariff
  • South Carolinas reaction?
  • Jacksons response?
  • Clays Compromise Tariff?

33
Background on 1816 Tariff
The recently concluded War of 1812 forced
Americans to confront the issue of protecting
their struggling industries. The British had
stashed large quantities of manufactured goods in
warehouses during the war, but when peace was
achieved in 1815, a flood of these goods was
dumped on the American market. New England
manufacturing concerns found it almost impossible
to compete with the cheap foreign imports.
Voices for protective legislation were found
among the former War Hawks. Henry Clay argued on
behalf of the domestic mill and iron industries.
John C. Calhoun, who would later be an ardent foe
of high tariffs, supported protectionism because
he believed that the Souths future would include
industrial development. The Tariff of 1816 was a
mildly protectionist measure, raising the average
rates to around 20 percent. New England
manufacturers actually desired higher rates, but
had not yet developed a sufficient political
presence in Washington to have their way. Daniel
Webster, a great spokesman for New England
interests, opposed the tariff measure. He did not
want to see the nations industrial base
broadened, fearing that New Englands commercial
strength would be diluted
34
1830
Webster Liberty and Union, now and forever,
one and inseparable. The Senate debated the
tariff question (and the underlying states
rights issue). Senator Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts opposed nullification.
Jackson Our Federal Unionit must be
preserved. He felt the tariffs of 1924 1928
which increased the Tariff of 1816 was an
Abomination because he blamed it for economic
problems in the South.
Calhoun The Union, next to our liberty,
most dear. He believed that the constitution was
based on a compact among the sovereign states.
If the Constitution had been established by 13
sovereign states, he reasoned, then the states
must still be sovereign, and each would have the
right to determine whether acts of Congress were
constitutional. If a state found an act to be
unconstitutional, the state could declare the
offending law nullified, or inoperative, within
its boarders.
35
Jackson's Native-American Policy
36
Indian Removal
  • Jacksons Goal?
  • 1830 ? Indian Removal Act
  • Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) domestic
    dependent nation
  • Worcester v. GA (1832)
  • Jackson John Marshall has made his
    decision, now let him enforce it!

37
Indian Removal
  • Jackson approved the 1830 Indian Removal Act. In
    1832, the Supreme court ruled in Worcester v.
    Georgia that the state of Georgia could not
    regulate the Cherokee Nation by law or invade
    Cherokee lands. Jackson refused to abide by the
    Supreme Court decision, saying, John Marshall
    has made his decision now let him enforce it.

38
The Cherokee Nation After 1820
39
Indian Removal
40
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
41
Jacksons Professed Love forNative Americans
42
Renewing the Charter of the 1st National Bank
43
Jacksons Use of Federal Power
VETO Jackson Felt the 2nd Federal Bank was an
agent of the wealthy.
1830 ? Maysville Road project in KY
state of his political rival, Henry
Clay
44
The National Bank Debate
PresidentJackson
NicholasBiddle
45
Bank War
  • As President of the Bank of the United StatesThe
    bank was first chartered in 1816 and was
    essentially a private corporation., Nicholas
    Biddle viciously sparred with President Jackson
    over the function and power of the Bank. Jackson
    saw banks and paper money as potential threats to
    the American people. Biddle, on the other hand,
    believed that a strong central bank could
    regulate the economy and increase American
    prosperity. The feud led Jackson to veto the
    Bank's bid for re-charter in 1832, stripping it
    of its power. His decision to withdraw the
    federal government's funds from it in 1833
    eventually caused the Bank to collapse.

46
Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
Soft(paper)
Hard(specie)
  • state bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from
    issuingbank notes freely.
  • supported rapid economic growth speculation.
  • felt that coin was the only safecurrency.
  • didnt like any bankthat issued banknotes.
  • suspicious of expansion speculation.

47
The Monster Is Destroyed!
  • pet banksJackson took all federal money out of
    the national bank and put it into banks that
    supported the Democratic Party. People who
    opposed created the Whig Party and accussed him
    of acting like a king.?
  • 1832 ? Jackson vetoed the extension of
    the 2nd National Bank of the
    United States.
  • 1836 ? the charter expired.
  • 1841 ? the bank went bankrupt!

48
The Downfall of Mother Bank
49
An 1832 Cartoon KingAndrew?
50
1832 Election Results
Main Issue?
51
The Specie Circular (1836)
  • wildcat banks.
  • buy future federalland only with gold orsilver.
  • Jacksons goal?

52
Results of the Specie Circular
  • Banknotes loose their value.
  • Land sales plummeted.
  • Credit not available.
  • Businesses began to fail.
  • Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!
53
The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren Old KinderhookO. K.
54
The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
55
Andrew Jackson in Retirement
56
Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844(one year before
his death)
1767 - 1845
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