Civil War

1
Civil War

• Chapters 20-21

2
Ft. Sumter

• Lincoln would not provoke war
• Feared border states would leave Union
• Upset Europe
• Upset Northerners who wanted peaceful solution
• Did not want to fight Southern brethren

3
After Ft. Sumter

• Rallied the North toward war
• So many signed up, U.S. turned some volunteers
  away
• Some believed South could not survive and would
  be back
• Copperheads Northern Democrats against war
• Wanted immediate peace with South
• Opposed almost everything Lincoln did

4
April 15, 1861

• Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers
• Serve for 90 days
• Four more states secede
• Border states stay in Union

5
U.S. after April, 1861
6
Border States

• Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware
• Importance
• Natural border
• Over half of southern population
• Surrounded Washington D.C.
• Resources
• railroads

7
Advantages/Disadvantages

• Population
• North 22 million
• South 9 million
• Men of fighting age
• North 4 million
• South 1.5 million

8
Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
9
Soldiers Occupations North/South Combined
10
Immigrantsas a of a StatesPopulationin1860
11
Adv./Disadv. Cont

• Food Production (former USA)
• 2/3 in North
• 1/3 in South
• Manufacturing (former USA)
• 4/5 in North (1.5 billion annually)
• 1/5 in South (155 million annually)
• Railroads (former USA)
• 3/4 in North
• 1/4 in South

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Resources North the South
13
Rating the North the South
14
Railroad Lines, 1860
15
Adv./Disadv. Cont

• Most of fighting in the South
• King Cotton
• Souths Civilian Government
• Souths Military Leadership

16
Confederate Government

• Constitution stressed state sovereignty
• Lack of cooperation at federal level
• Many men refused to fight outside of state
  militias
• Jefferson Davis elected President

17
The Confederate White House
18
The Confederate Seal
MOTTO ? With God As Our Vindicator
19
A Northern View of Jeff Davis
20
Lincoln Takes Power

• Congress not in session at beginning of war
• So, Lincoln...
• Put up blockade
• Increased size of military
• Suspended habeas corpus
• Arrest people who spoke out against the Union
• Supervised voting in the Border States

21
Economics of War

• North prints greenbacks (worth about .32 due to
  lack of gold)
• South paper money worth .02 due to inflation
• Northern manufacturing boomed
• Passed the Morrill Tariff Act in 1861
• National Banking Act passed in 1861
• First income tax
• South devastated due to fighting on land,
  collapse of transportation, blockade, collapse of
  cotton market, lack of national unity

22
Inflation in the South
23
Events Leading to Bull Run

• Southern capital moved from Montgomery to
  Richmond, Va.
• U.S. army volunteers terms of service about to
  run out in July
• Lincoln orders an attack on Manassas Junction
  (outside of Richmond, Va.)
• General Irvin McDowell in charge of army in the
  Potomac--he was to defend Washington D.C.)
• Winfield Scott was General-in-Chief but was too
  old and ill to take command of the field

24
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas)July, 1861
25
Bull Run

• Both sides inexperienced
• People watched like spectator sport
• North attacked and forced to retreat back towards
  Washington, D.C.
• Thomas Stonewall Jackson beat back the Northern
  attack
• Problem South did not follow (disorganized,
  confused, lacked supplies, tired)
• Realization Long war (Anaconda Plan)

26
Anaconda Plan Proposed

• Lincolns plan for quick victory was thwarted
• Winfield Scott proposed Anaconda Plan
• Take the southern capital
• Split the South
• Blockade the southern ports
• Wildly unpopular amongst Lincoln and the public
  who wanted quick victory
• Will use this strategy later in the war
• Was successful out west
• Scott will resign in November, 61
• Tardy George McClellan succeeds him

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Overviewofthe NorthsCivil WarStrategy Anaco
ndaPlan
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Phase 1 of Anaconda Plan

• Take Richmond, Va.
• Would need 500,000 men to do this
• Victory at Bull Run would have given Union a
  quick victory
• Richmond is well fortified which means this will
  take a long time.

29
1862 Second Battle of Bull Run

• Robert E. Lee able to defeat George McClellan in
  the Seven Days Battles (McClellan was fired) and
  General John Pope at 2nd Bull Run.
• Lee decides to attack Washington D.C.
• Problem Union finds Lees secret plans which he
  used to wrap cigars

30
War in the East 1861-1862
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Battle of Antietam

• 9/17/62
• McClellan (back in charge) forced Lee to retreat
• McClellan doesnt pursue and is fired again.
• Replaced by Ambrose Burnside and later Thomas
  Hooker

32
Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the
War
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties
33
Phase Two of Anaconda Plan

• Attack along the Mississippi River
• Split the South in two
• Take major river artery
• Ulysses S. Grant in charge out west

34
Out West

• Grant had a lot of success (Ft. Henry, Ft.
  Donelson, Shiloh, etc.)
• 23,000 casualties at Shiloh alone
• Gets reputation due to his stance of
  Unconditional Surrender
• North beginning to dominate in the west--time to
  begin moving east

35
Phase Three of Anaconda Plan

• Blockade
• Leaky, but effective
• Effective enough to keep other countries from
  risking trade
• North took New Orleans in 1862
• Southern economy and war making ability hurt

36
Europe

• Did not want to support slavery
• Uncle Toms Cabin was very influential
• Did not support South
• South thought Britain and France would help due
  to need for cotton
• Britain had a major surplus

37
Change in Tactic..

• North makes slavery a bigger deal
• Before war Lincoln said it was to keep Union
  together
• Factors changing Lincolns mind
• Ending slavery hurts South
• Slaves could help war effort
• Could bring Britain into war on U.S. side
• Radical Republicans growing in number and power

38
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863

• Lincoln proclaimed that all slaves in Confederacy
  were freed
• Did not apply to border states
• Could not be enforced in South
• Encouraged runaways
• 300,000 black soldiers will fight
• Britain begins sending aid to U.S.
• No chance of negotiated end to the war

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Emancipation in 1863
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TheEmancipationProclamation
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African-American Recruiting Poster
42
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
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Black Troops Freeing Slaves
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The North Initiates the Draft, 1863
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NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
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The Progress of War 1861-1865
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Changing Southern Strategy

• Defense no longer working
• Lee realized South cold not outlast North
• South goes on offense
• July 1, 1863 marched into Pennsylvania

48
Battle of Gettysburg

• Union now under leadership of George Meade
• CSA suffered heavy losses
• Could never go on offensive
• South never recovers
• Grant captures Vicksburg the next day

49
Shermans March

• Grant named commander in 1864
• Starts Total War
• March of 1864 General William T. Sherman put in
  charge of marching through the South

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ShermansMarchto theSeathroughGeorgia,1864
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War Effects North/South

• North
• National banking system with national currency
• Industrial, agricultural and economic expansion
• Blacks and women enter work force
• South
• Economic devastation
• High inflation
• Starvation (Virginia Bread Riot--1864)

52
1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
53
Lincoln Faces Opposition

• Radical Republicans want Salmon Chase
• Northern Democrats want George McClellan
• Republican Party tries to stress union and
  becomes Union Party
• Lincoln also chose a Democrat as his VP running
  mate Andrew Johnson

54
Presidential Election Results 1864
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War is Hopeless for South

• Failing economy
• Plantation system is failing
• People angry with government
• 500,000 blacks fled to North
• 4 million will be freed at wars end
• Increased taxes
• Military desertion rate over 50 by end of 1864

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Surrender at AppomattoxApril 9, 1865
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Casualties on Both Sides
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Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars
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Fords Theater (April 14, 1865)
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The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
61
The Assassination
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WANTED!!
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Now He Belongs to the Ages!