American Studies I CP

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American Studies I CP

• 11.1
• Pages 380-389

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Setting the Scene

• First shots fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina
• April 1861
• Both sides felt it would be a quick war
• In July 35,000 Union Troops trained in Washington
• Less then a 100 miles away from the Confederate
  Capital of Richmond VA

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The First Battle of Bull Run

• General Irvin McDowel commanded the Union Troops
• Felt his troops were not ready
• But, these volunteers only signed on for 90 days
  time is running out to make an attack

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Lincoln ordered

• The troops to march on the town of Manassa to
  interupt an important railway junction
• July 16th McDowell marched his poorly prepared
  troops

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Confederate Postion

• Lead by P.G.T Beaureghard (hero of Port Sumter)
• His smaller force was camped long a stream call
  Bull Run, some 4 miles north of Manassas

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Only 25 miles from Washington DC
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The Union Army

• Takes 4 days to march the 25 miles to Manassas
• Lack of training and discipline
• Accompanying the troops was a huge crowd of
  civilians from Washington, planning to picnic and
  watch the battle
• (remember no one knew what to expect from the new
  weapons)

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Confederate Troops

• This 4 day delay gave Beauregard to strengthen
  his army by adding some 11,000 troops (plus he
  had info from a spy)
• Confederate troops were packed into freight cars
  and sped to the scene
• (first time a train was used to transport troops)

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July 21st

• The two forces faced each other
• Union forces slightly greater than Confederate
  forces
• BUT if McDowell can break the line, he could
  take Richmond less than 75 miles away

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After hours of hard fighting

• The Union forces had the advantage
• Virginia soldiers (fighting on their home soil)
  lead by General Thomas Jackson refused to give
  up!
• Another Confederate officer rallied his
  retreating men saying.

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Look!

• There is Jackson standing like a stone wall
  behind the Virginians!!!
• The Union advance was stopped
• The legion of Stonewall Jackson is born

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Tired and discouraged

• Union forces began to fall back
• Then a train load of fresh Confederate troops
  arrived
• An orderly Union retreat fell apart
• Hundreds of union soldiers dropped their weapons
  and ran home
• A disorganized blend of civilians and troops
  raced back to the saftey of Washinton

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This was the first major battle of the Civil war

• In the North it is known as the first battle of
  Bull Run (the stream)
• In the South it is known as the First Battle of
  Manassas (after the town and railway)

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Both sides realize

• This will be a bloody and costly war

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Casualties

• About 35,000 troops on each side
• About 70,000 total
• Union suffered 2,900
• Confederate 2,000

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Preparing for War

• The fat is in the fire now!!!

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Northern Advantages

• Population
• North had 21.5
• South had 9 million (which included 4 million
  slaves)
• Railways
• North had 21,700 miles
• South had 9,000 miles

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Northern Advantages

• Factories
• The North Had 110,100
• The South had 20,600
• Remember the 3 Ms
• Manpower
• Materials
• Morale (Motivation)

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Southern Advantages

• Leadership
• 7 out of 8 military colleges were in the South
  and most officers sided with Confederacy
• Military Tactics
• The south was defending its borders and all the
  Confederates had to do was repel and not attack

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Southern Advantages

• Morale
• Many Southerns were eager to fight as they were
  fighting on their own land and for their way of
  life (plantations, farming, independence from
  federal government which was trying to take their
  freedoms (slaves) away)

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Union Military Strategies

• Naval blockade of all the seceded states
• Shutting down the Souths port along the Atlantic
  Coast and Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi to split
  confederacy
• Kept the South from shipping its cotton to Europe
• Kept South from importing materials needed for
  the war and consumer goods for civilians

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Called the

• Anaconda Plan
• Goal was to get the South to seek peace
• Wasnt as exciting as attacking RichmondBut, it
  won us the war
• Materials and Morale

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Confederate War Strategies

• Prepare and wait
• Southerners hoped that Lincoln would just let
  them go in peace
• Plan was called a War of attrition
• One side inflicts continuous losses on the enemy
  in order to wear down its strength
• In the end, it was the North that waged a
  successful war of attrition against the South

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War of Attritionback fires for the South

• Didnt work for the South because they had 9
  million people (4 million slaves) and the North
  had 21.5 million men

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Second Strategy (that back fired)

• The South produced 75 of the worlds cotton
  before the Civil War
• Most of this cotton supplied Britain and France
• So the south told farmers not to grow cotton.
  They hoped this would force Britain and France to
  support the south and recognize the Confederacy

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It back fired because

• Britain and France went to India and Egypt to
  full fill their need for cotton and would not
  recognize the Confederate States of America
• By the time the south realized this strategy had
  failed, the Union Blockade prevented cotton from
  leaving the south

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No Cotton

• If the south could not sell cotton, then it
  couldnt make money and they needed money to buy
  materials for war. Also, you can NOT eat cotton.
  Tons of cotton sat in warehouse while people
  starved and men did NOT have materials for war

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Tactics and Technology

• European commanders fought by concentrating their
  forces and attacking
• But, they did not have accurate cannons or
  muskets and they could not rapid fire these
  weapons
• THIS ALL CHANGES DURING THE CIVIL WAR. The first
  modern war after the industrial revolution

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Problem

• Most Generals were trained in these tactics which
  relied on mass charges of troops to overwhelm the
  enemy.

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Technology

• Gun Makers realized
• No rifling 100 yards
• With rifling 500-600 yards
• Mini ball (bullet shaped) better than round
• Cannons now fired
• Shells which exploded
• Canister

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War in the West

• Union forces invaded
• Arkansas
• Louisiana
• Mississippi
• Tennessee
• Goal was to control the Mississippi river

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Why?

• Why would the Union Forces want to control this
  river?
• Where did it flow to?

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Union Leaders

• General George McClellan was the new Commander of
  the Union Forces
• General Ulysses S. Grant was the new commander of
  western forces

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The command base for the West

• Paducah Kentucky, where the Ohio and Tennessee
  river meet

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Forts Henry and DonelsonProtected Tennessee and
Cumberland rivers
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February 1862

• Grant leads Union forces south along Tennessee
  River with 15,000 troops
• Gunboats were steam powered boats with cannons
  and were designed to work in shallow rivers

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February 6th

• Grant shelled Fort Henry and forced it to
  surrender before troops arrived
• Then Grant marched his army east and attacked
  Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. After
  three days of shelling the fort fell
• Grant continues south towards Mississippi and
  Alabama

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Note

• The shelling of civilian populations becomes a
  tactic of Grants

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Battle of Shiloh

• Corinth, Mississippi
• An important railroad center near Tennessee /
  Mississippi border

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Generals

• For the Union Grant
• Support from General Don Carlos Buell who was
  bring troops from Nashville TN
• For the confederacy Johnston

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Setting the Scene

• Grant stops out side of Corinth to wait for Buell
  to bring in reinforcements
• Johnston who has 40,000 troops launches an attack
  before Grant can get more troops

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Day 1 April 6, 1862

• Johnston's forces surprise Grants troops
• After the first day of fighting at the Battle of
  Shiloh union troops are pushed back almost into
  the Tennessee River
• That night, Grant is advised by his officers to
  retreat. He does not

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Day 2 at Shiloh

• During the night Buells troops arrived
• The next day Union forces counter attacked and
  drove back confederate forces.
• The Union WINS!!!

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Casualties

• Union suffers 13,000 casualties
• Confederates suffers nearly 11,000 including
  General Johnston
• North and south know now for sure that this will
  be a long a bloody war

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Back East

• Union war ships maintained the blockade of
  Virginia's coast and the Atlantic coast
• But, the confederates have a secret weapon
• A ship that looked like a barn roof, and which
  cannon shot bounced off of

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The Merrimack (confederate)
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Era of the Ironclads

• Now the north raced to create Ironclads of their
  own to fight the Merrimack
• Unlike the southern ship which was an old wooden
  ship (The Virginia) covered in iron, the Union
  ship would be made of iron and completed in 100
  days (Union spies told Lincoln of the new weapon
  which allowed the Union to build its own)

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The Monitor
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Monitor guns
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Monitor arrives off Virginia coast

• March 9th 1862

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Battle between Ironclads

• After several hours of fighting the Merrimack
  withdrew
• Neither ship was seriously damaged

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What ever happened to

• May 1862
• The Merrimack was blown up by the Confederates at
  its base in Norfolk, Virginia so that it did not
  fall in Union hands in

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The Monitor

• December 1862
• The Monitor sinks in a storm

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Mariners Museum VA
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Peninsular Campaign

• Union General George McClellan
• Little Mac was a great strategist, well
  organized, and well liked by his men
• But, he was overly cautious
• Lincoln orders him to attack the Capital at
  Richmond VA. This will be the Unions second
  attempt to take the seat of the Confederate
  Government

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March 1862

• McClellan orders the Army of the Potomac out of
  Washington
• He transports 100,000 troops to a peninsula
  southeast of Richmond
• McClellan meets a small group of confederates
• McClellan pulls back and asks Lincoln for more
  troops and then he waits

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May 31st

• McClellan attacks
• Confederate commander General Joseph Johnston (he
  gets killed at Shiloh on April 7th 1862)
• Battle of Seven Pines
• Both take heavy casualties
• South won because they were willing to take
  chances

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Why retreat??

• McClellan has taken fewer casualties and still
  has more men
• He is within 50 miles of Richmond
• Argh!!!! Fight little mac!!!

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In the mean time

• Lincoln is furious with McClellan and his missed
  opportunity
• He fires McClellan and replaces him with General
  John Pope
• He demands that McClellan returns to Washington
  and turn his troops over to the command of
  General Pope
• Lee knows, if both army combine, he will be
  severely outnumbered. He must attack Popes
  troops before the two combine

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Richmond still in danger

• But, Lee knows that McClellan would be too afraid
  to attack even though he had more troops than Lee

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Opposition to the warThe Copperheads

• Because of the early Northern loses
• Remaining Democrats in Congress (remember, most
  Democrats were from the South)
• This group of Democrats were call the
  Copperheads, after poisonous snake.

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Brilliant Confederate strategy

• General Stonewall Jackson pretends to prepare to
  attack Washington DC
• Because of the threat to Washington DC, Lincoln
  will not send reinforcements to McClellan
• Jackson then sneaks away to join Lee
• Near the railway junction of Manassas

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The Second battle of bull run

• Lee again divides his army giving Jackson half
• Jackson sweep around Popes troops and attacks
  the back.
• Pope turns all his troops to face Jackson
• Then Lee attacks the new rear of Popes troops
• Pope is under attack from both ends

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The battle of Bull Run

• Confederate Victory
• General Pope is removed from command\
• General McClellan was returned to his post
• Lincoln is not pleased with McClellan
• We must use what tools we have
• He has the slows
• If he cant fight, he makes others ready to fight

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Richmond is safe

• Lee now decides to attack the North
• Political goal to get the European support for
  the South and to weaken Northern Support for the
  war.

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The Battle of Antietam

• September 17,1862
• Confederate General Lee
• Union General McClellan (again)
• Lees army slips past the troops guarding
  Washington and heads towards Maryland

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Which way did he go

• McClellan has NO idea where Lee is
• Really??? He cant find the Army of Northern
  Virginia

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A pack of cigars saves the Union

• A confederate Officer drops Lees plan which are
  wrapped in a pack of cigars
• Union soldier finds plans and gives them to
  McClellan
• McClellan takes 16 hours to react
• By this time Lee realizes that the Union knows
  his plans

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September 17, 1862

• Lees 40,000 troops
• McClellans 75,000 troops with 25,000
• In one day Lee loses 1/3 of his army

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The confederates retreat

• The battle of Antietam became the bloodiest day
  of the civil war
• 26,000 dead most in the first 3 hours of fighting
• Three days of fighting at Gettysburg 52,000 dead

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Antietam

• Sets up the Emancipation Proclamation
• Is the first big Union Victory