Organic%20chemistry%20for%20medicine%20and%20biology%20students

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• Organic chemistry for medicine and biology
  students
• Chem 2311
• Chapter 10
• Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives
• By Prof. Dr.
• Adel M. Awadallah
• Islamic University of Gaza

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Diacids
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Physical Properties of carboxylic acids

• Hydrogen bonding
• Solubility in water
• (lower acids)

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Acidity of carboxylic acids

• pKa -log Ka
• As Ka increase or pKa decrease, the acidity
  increase

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Resonance and Inductive effect

• Conversion of acids to salts

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Preparation of carboxylic acids
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Reactions of carboxylic acids
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Esters

• Nomenclature

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Examples
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Lactones (Cyclic Esters)
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Reactions of Esters with Grignard Reagent
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Formation of Amides (Ammonolysis of Esters)
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Reduction of Esters

• Esters can be reduced to primary alcohols

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The Cliasen Condensation
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Acid Halides

• They are prepared from the reaction of acids with
  thionyl chloride or phosphorus halides

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Reactions of acid chlorides

• Acid chlorides react rapidly with most
  nucleophiles such as water, alcohols and ammonia
• Acyl halides have irritating odors. Benzoyl
  chlorid is a lachrymator
• (tear gas)

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Reaction with Grignard Reagent
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Preparation of mixed anhydrides
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• Mixed anhydrides

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Nucleophilic substitution of anhydrides
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Amides

• Nomenclature

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• Properties of Amides

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Amide Resonance
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Reactions of Amides (Hydrolysis and Reduction)
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