Title: CLASSICAL%20PERIPHERIES:%20EMERGING%20AREAS%20ON%20THE%20BORDERS%20OF%20CLASSICAL%20CIVILIZATIONS
1CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES EMERGING AREAS ON THE
BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS
2THE CLASSIC WORLD
3PRE-HISTORIC AFRICA
- Regions in Africa
- Sub-Saharan Africa vs. Northern Africa (inc. Nile
Valley) - The Sahara is the greatest physical and cultural
barrier - North settled early by Berbers, Hamites
(Caucasian groups) - Sub-Saharan Africa has larger regions with many
micro regions - West Africa Forest, Sahel called Sudan, Central
Africa, East Africa, South Africa - Each region defined by physical geography and
vegetation many micro cultures - North and East Africa saw first African
civilizations - The Nile River Pharaonic Egypt Kush-Meroe
(often called Nubia) - The Ethiopian Highlands Axum (Aksum) or Ethiopia
- North Africa Carthaginian Empire, Roman and
Greek civilizations - The Sudan
- Sudanic region was sahel or plains stretching
across Africa south of Sahara - 9000 B.C.E. domestication of cattle cultivation
of sorghum, cotton - Became home to most Sub-Saharan civilizations
- Small states based on tribes, clans developed
- Religion polytheism, shamanism, placation of
spirits, divination - Climatic Change
- Prior to 5000 CE Sahara one large inland sea
surrounded by plains
4REGIONS IN AFRICA
5AFRICAN CLIMATE ZONES
6AFRICAN LANGUAGE FAMILIES
7FIRST AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS
- Egyptian History, c. 3100 BCE to 525 BCE
- Pre-history dominated by small city-states along
Nile - Old Kingdom
- Menes- Narmer united Upper/Lower Egypt
- Pyramid era pharaohs considered divine
- Middle Kingdom
- 2nd Illness saw Semitic invasion Hyksos
- New Kingdom Egyptian empire
- 3rd Illness Invasions
- After 7th century
- Ruled by Assyrians, Persians
- Greeks, Romans, Byzantines
- Not independent until 1956 CE
- Kush (Nubia) assimilates Egyptian culture
- Upper Nile ethnically were Black Africans
- Adopted Egyptian practices religion,
architecture - Ruled Egypt as 26th Dynasty
- Famous for iron, gold trade
- Became Christian through Egyptian contacts
8ANCIENT MAP OF AFRICA
9GHANA 1ST SUB-SAHARAN CIVILIZATION
- Camels
- Camels came to Egypt from Arabia, 7th century
B.C.E. - Romans introduced them to North Africa, patrolled
desert - After 500 C.E. camels replaced horses, donkeys as
transport animals - Camels' arrival quickened pace of communication
across the Sahara - Islamic merchants crossed the desert to trade in
West Africa - Established relations with sub-Saharan West
Africa by 8th century - The kingdom of Ghana
- Kings maintained a large army of two hundred
thousand warriors - A principal state of west Africa, not related to
modern state of Ghana - Became the most important commercial site in west
Africa - Controlled gold mines, exchanged it with nomads
for salt - Provided gold, ivory, and slaves
- Wanted horses, cloth, manufactured goods
- Koumbi-Saleh
- Capital city
- Thriving commercial center
10THE BANTU
- The Bantu peoples
- Originated in the region around modern
Nigeria/Cameroon - Influenced by Nok iron making, herding,
agriculture - Population pressure drove migrations, 2000 BCE
700 BCE - Two major movements to south and to east and
then south - Languages split into about 500 distinct but
related tongues - Bantu agriculture and herding
- Early Bantu relied on agriculture slash-burn,
shifting - Pastoralists, semi-nomadic due to agriculture,
cattle - Iron metallurgy
- Iron appeared during the 7th and 6th centuries
B.C.E. - Iron made agriculture more productive
- Expanded divisions of labor, specialization in
Bantu societies - Population Pressures
- Iron technologies produced population upsurge
- Large populations forced migration of Bantu
11THE BANTU MIGRATION
- The Bantu Migration
- Population pressure led to migration, c. 2000
B.C.E. - Movement to South, along Southeast and Southwest
coasts - Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct
but related tongues - Occupied most of sub-Saharan (except West) Africa
by 1000 C.E. - Split into groups as they migrated Eastern,
Central, Southern - Bantu spread iron, herding technologies as they
moved - Bananas
- Between 300/500 C.E., Malay seafarers reached
Africa - Settled in Madagascar, visited East African coast
- Brought with them pigs, taro, and banana
cultivation - Bananas became well-established in Africa by 500
C.E. - Bantu learned to cultivate bananas from Malagasy
- Bananas caused second population spurt,
migration surge - Reached South Africa in 16th century CE
- Population growth
- 3.5 million people by 400 B.C.E.
- 11 million by the beginning of the millennium
- 17 million by 800 C.E.
12MAP OF THE BANTU MIGRATIONS
13BANTU LANGUAGES
14BANTU POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
- Stateless societies
- Early Bantu societies did not depend on elaborate
bureaucracy - Societies governed through family and kinship
groups - Village council, consisted of male family heads
- Chief of a village was from the most prominent
family heads - A group of villages constituted a district
- Villages chiefs negotiated intervillage affairs
- Chiefdoms
- Population growth strained resources, increased
conflict - Some communities began to organize military
forces, 1000 C.E. - Powerful chiefs overrode kinship networks and
imposed authority - Some chiefs conquered their neighbors
- Kingdom of Kongo
- Villages formed small states along the Congo
River, 1000 C.E. - Small states formed several larger
principalities, 1200 C.E. - One of the principalities conquered neighbors,
built kingdom of Kongo - Maintained a centralized government with a royal
currency system - Provided effective organization until the
mid-17th century
15SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
- Diversity of African societies in Sub-Saharan
Africa - Complex societies developed into kingdoms,
empires, and city-states - Coexisted with small states and stateless
societies - Lineages consisted of all members descended from
a common ancestor - Kinship groups of stateless societies
- Extended families and clans as social and
economic organizations - Communities claimed rights to land, no private
property - Village council allocated land to clan members
- Sex and gender relations
- Men undertook heavy labor, herding,
- Women were responsible for child rearing,
domestic chores, farming - Men monopolized public authority but women could
be leaders - Women enjoyed high honor as the source of life
- Many societies were matrilineal aristocratic
women influenced public affairs - Women merchants commonly traded at markets
- Sometimes women organized all-female military
units - Islam did little to curtail women's opportunities
in sub-Saharan Africa - Age grades
- Publicly recognized "age grades" or "age sets"
16EARLY AFRICAN RELIGION
- Creator god
- Recognized by almost all African peoples
- Created the earth and humankind, source of world
order - Lesser gods and spirits
- Often associated with natural features, forces in
world - Participated actively in the workings of the
world - Believed in ancestors' souls influencing material
world - Diviners
- Mediated between humanity and supernatural beings
- Called shamans and inappropriately witch
doctors - Interpreted the cause of the people's misfortune
- Used medicine or rituals to eliminate problems
- African religion was not theological, but
practical - Religion to placate the gods, ask for assistance,
cures, fertility - Public celebrations inc. dancing, singing formed
community - Genders honored different deities, had separate
ceremonies
17EARLY EAST AFRICAN HISTORY
- Early visitors to east Africa
- Egyptians visited, traded with area
- Famous expedition of Hatshepshut to Punt
- Indian, Persian visited after 500 B.C.E.
- Greeks, Romans called area Azania
- Malays established colonies on Madagascar
- Kingdom of Axum (Aksum)
- Sabeans of Yemen created Axum
- Arose in highlands of Ethiopia
- Trading state across Bab el Mandeb straits
- Tribute empire on land trade gold, frankincense,
myrrh, food, ivory - Built stone structures, issued own coins
- Eventually became Monophysite Christian
- King Ezana converted and court followed in early
4th century - Developed Geez language, writing in association
with Christianity - Maintained strong contacts with Egypt
- Traded with Romans, Byzantines, Persians,
Indians, Arabs - By 2nd century Bantus populated much of East
Africa - By 7th century Arab merchants begin to visit
18ECONOMIC REGIONS OF AFRICA
19NOMADIC SOCIETY AND ECONOMY
- Nomadic peoples
- Pastoral nomads
- Clans from common ancestors, with related
languages - Central Asia's steppes
- Good for grazing, little rain, few rivers
- Nomads and their animals few settlements
- Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles
- Lived mostly on animal products
- Produced millet, pottery, leather goods, iron
- Nomads and settled peoples
- A love, hate relationship of war and trade
- Trade, exchange Nomads maintained caravan routes
- Exchanged horses for finished goods including
silk - Fluidity of classes, gender in nomadic society
- Two social classes nobles and commoners
- Patriarchal society but women accorded many
rights, privileges - Religions
- Mostly shamanistic
- Diviners influence forces of nature, interpret it
20THE NOMADS WORLD
21BORDERS OF CHINA
- Relative Location
- Korea, Vietnam borders of China
- Japan located off coast of East Asia
- Physical Characteristics
- Korea, Vietnam
- Mountainous, cut by river valleys
- Population located on plains
- Japan
- Volcanic islands, very mountainous
- Deep valleys with plains
- Demography
- Peoples related to Chinese
- Populace generally heavy on plains
- Rice was principal crop
- Cities exist but rarer than China
- Cities centers of Chinese culture
- Countryside resistant to Sinification
22THE CONFUCIAN WORLD
23EARLY KOREA, VIETNAM AND JAPAN
- Ancient Korea and Vietnam
- Divided into warring kingdoms later united by
Silla (S. Korea) - Han China first influenced Korea Korea tributary
- Korea copied Chinese bureaucracy Confucianism
entered with bureaucracy - Tang ruled Korea as a tributary aristocratic
elites became Buddhist, rule - Viet people originate in Southern China, related
to Chinese - Driven south into Red River by Chinese migration
- Han China controls Northern Vietnam drive China
out after 1000 year war - Confucianism retained by elite along with
bureaucratic ruling model - Ancient Japan
- Earliest inhabitants were nomadic Caucasians
(Ainu) from Northeast Asia - Japanese related to Koreans, migrated into
islands, pushed Ainu north - Ruled by several dozen states dominate by clans,
1st millennium BCE - Shinto Ancestor veneration with deification of
nature, spirits (kami) - Nara Japan (710-794 C.E.)
- Yamato clan claimed imperial authority
- The imperial court modeled on that of the Tang
- Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 C.E., modeled
on Chang'an - Prince Shotoku wrote first Japanese constitution
24THE CELTS
- Celts
- History
- Arose in Alps, Central Europe 1200 BCE
- Settled in France, Spain, Britain, Ireland
- Migrated into Italy, Balkans, Greece, Turkey
around 1000 BCE - Pauls Letter to the Galatians Celt tribe of
Turkey - Strong tradition of warfare, raids
- Civilization at Ancient Bronze Age similar to
Mycenae Greece - Some cities but generally fortified hill sites
- Grew wheat and barley and kept sheep, cattle and
some pigs - Developed crafts, strong artistic tradition
pottery - Controlled salt deposits as source of trade
- Strong trade with Mediterranean, Greeks,
Etruscans - Developed Iron technologies around 1000 BCE
- Structures and hierarchies
- Organized into clans, tribes ruled by kings and
druids - Polytheistic, deified nature priests druids
- Strong tradition of bards, story tellers,
ballads, heroes, saints - Rome and the Celts
25CELTIC WORLD
CELTS BECAME Treveri Helveti Parisi Veneti Regni
Iceni Caledones Celtiberi AND LATER Irish Welsh
Scots Britons Cornish Manx
26THE GERMANS
- Early Bronze Age History
- Original Homeland Sweden
- Migrated into Germany, Denmark
- Sometimes allies, slaves of Celts
- later established independence of Celts
- Settled 2/3 of Europe
- Eastern Europe, Central Europe, steppes of
Ukraine - Pushed up to Rhine, Danube border
- Germans and Romans
- With defeat of Celts, Germans became threat to
Rome - Germans were stronger than Celts, defied Romans
- In 1st century, defeated Romans, remained
independent - Romans erected elaborate defense systems against
Germans - Late 3rd century Germans become Roman
mercenaries - Late 4th century Germans allowed to settle in
Roman empire - Society
- Agrarian society small villages, fortified
areas some trade - Strong tribes, loyalty to warlords raiding very
important - Two classes nobility and commoners both owned
land
27THE GERMAN WORLD
Teutons Became Goths Visigoths Ostrogoths Vandals
Franks Burgundians Suevi Alans Angles Saxons Jutes
Lombards Norsemen Germans Austrian Dutch Flemish
English Swiss Swedes Danes Norwegians Icelanders
28THE EARLY SLAVIC MIGRATIONS
Slavs were Originally Part of the
German World. The tribes were allied. When
the Germans Moved West, Slavs Were ruled First
by Huns and Later Independent. They filled Hun
and German vacuum.
29THE POLYNESIANS OCEANIC NOMADS
- Malayo-Polynesians
- Originated in New Guinea
- Developed shifting agriculture, portable
agriculture - Farm one area intensively, move on
- Raised banana, taro, sweet potato, fish, pigs,
chickens - Sailing Technology
- Double hulled canoes central platform with sail
- Use stars, winds, wave patterns, air/sea
patterns, islands, atolls, birds - Migrated across island chains in boats
- By 1500 BCE settled Madagascar by 300 CE Easter
Island - By 500 CE settled Polynesia, Micronesia, Hawaii
- By 1000 CE settled New Zealand totally
different climate - Social Structures
- Migration needed to avoid overpopulation
- Depleted resources, shortages, environmental
degradation, conflict - Eastern Island was example of this problem
- Hamlet and villages
- Hamlets on volcanic islands, up to 5 houses
often one family - Villages on larger islands, up to 30 houses
often an important chief, king
30POLYNESIAN WORLD
KEY 1. Polynesia 2. Hawaii 3. New Zealand 4.
Easter Island 5. Samoa 6. Fiji 7. Tahiti