Spain

1
Spains Empire and European Absolutism

• Chapter 5, Section 1

2
Section Opener

• During a time of religious and economic
  instability, Philip II rules Spain with a strong
  hand.

Philip II of Spain May 21 1527 - September 13
1598
3
A Powerful Spanish Empire

• A New Spanish Ruler
• In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and its
  possessions
• Philip IIs Empire
• Philip seizes Portugal in 1580
• Gold and silver from Americas make Spain
  extremely wealthy

4

• By Philips time, Spain is raking in massive
  amounts of gold and silver.
• By around 1600 (shortly after his death) to 1650,
  Spain had taken in 339,000 pounds of gold and
  16,000 tons of silver and the king took 25-33 of
  it.
• Thats a lot of bling. Yo.

5
Philips palace, Escorial
6
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7
A Powerful Spanish Empire

• Defender of Catholicism
• Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims and
  Protestants
• Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at Lepanto in
  1571.
• Spanish Armada is defeated by the British in 1588
  (more on that later).

8
Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature

• El Greco and Velázquez
• El Greco uses unusual style to convey religious
  themes
• Works of Velázquez show Spanish court life
• Don Quixote
• In 1605, Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is
  published
• Novel marks the birth of the modern European
  novel.

9
Portrait of an Old Man

• This painting titled Portrait of an Old Man is
  considered a self portrait by El Greco, circa
  15951600, oil on canvas.

10

• The Assumption of the Virgin (15771579, oil on
  canvas, 401 228 cm, Art Institute of Chicago)
  was one of the nine paintings El Greco completed
  for the church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in
  Toledo, his first commission in Spain. This shows
  the religious themes of his painting.

11
Diego Velázquez two self portraits
12

• Portrait of Pablo de Valladolid
• A court fool or jester, circa 1635

13
The Spanish Empire Weakens

• Inflation and Taxes
• Inflation (due to the huge influx of American
  gold and silver) weakens Spains economy.
• Taxes on lower class prevents development of
  middle class.
• Making Spains Enemies Rich
• Spaniards buy goods abroad, making Spains
  enemies rich.
• Philip declares bankruptcy three times due to
  weak economy.
• The Dutch Revolt
• Protestants in the Netherlands win independence
  from Spain in 1579.
• The Defeat of the Spanish Armada at the hands of
  England in 1588.

14

• Lepanto was the good naval battle. The Spanish
  Armada, aka The Invincible Armada, was the bad
  one, in 1588.
• Philip is motivated to restore Roman Catholicism
  to England against Elizabeth (who was Phillips
  sister-in-law since he was married to Bloody
  Mary).
• Hes also put out at English support of the
  rebellious Dutch in the Netherlands and the fact
  that Elizabeth had commissioned Sir Francis Drake
  as a privateer who raided Spanish treasure ships.
• Phillip even put a bounty of what would be about
  10 million on Drakes head.
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vlMpigAUQt_4
• I, too, can command the wind sir!

15

• Fate of the Spanish Armada
• He sends a fleet of 133 ships to attack and
  conquer England. The English fight back in the
  English Channel with superior longer range canons
  and more maneuverable ships.
• That was after they sailed fire ships into the
  Spanish lines in order to break their formation.
• The English also had better gunnery. The Spanish
  guns werent as good (and many had the wrong
  ammo) and the gunners not well trained.
• That and the Spanish were planning on boarding
  the English ships and fighting hand-to-hand. The
  English wouldnt allow that. The English pound
  the Spanish who retreat. The Spanish then keep
  encountering bad weather and more ships are lost.
• Ultimately, 15,000 Spanish sailors are killed and
  nearly half the fleet lost.

16

• The battle also occasioned one of Elizabeths
  most famous speechs when she visited the troops
• I have come amongst you as you see, at this
  time, not for my recreation and disport, but
  being resolved in the midst and heat of the
  battle to live or die amongst you all, to lay
  down for my God and for my kingdom, and for my
  people, my honor and my blood, even in the dust.
  I know I have the body of a weak and feeble
  woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a
  king, and of a king of England too.
• Do you think Elizabeth I had the makings of a
  good monarch???

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• The Dutch revolt in the 1560s and 1570s.
• They had been under Spanish rule but resented it,
  especially since they were protestant and quite
  religiously tolerant.
• The Dutch succeed in part because they had
  funding from Queen Elizabeth I of England

19
The Independent Dutch Prosper

• A Different Society
• The Netherlands is a republic and practices
  religious toleration.
• Dutch Art
• In the 1600s, the Netherlands becomes center of
  European Art
• Rembrandt and Vermeer are famous Dutch Painters

20
Rembrandt

• Self portrait

21

• Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee by
  Rembrandt, circa 1633. This original painting was
  stolen in 1990 and was never recovered.

22
Paintings by Vermeer

• Vermeer painted scenes from every day life. This
  painting Milkmaid, is circa 1658-1660.

23
Paintings by Vermeer

• Officer Laughing With Girl, is circa 1657-1659.

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Paintings by Vermeer

• The Little Street, is circa 1657-1658.

25
The Independent Dutch Prosper

• Dutch Trading Empire
• Dutch merchants engage in world trade
• Dutch have worlds largest trading fleet
• Dutch people replace Italians as Europes bankers

26
Absolutism in Europe

• The Theory of Absolutism
• Rulers want to be absolute monarchsrulers with
  complete power
• Believe in divine rightidea that monarchs
  represent God on earth. (The idea can be derived
  from Romans 13 1-4.)
• Growing Power of Europes Monarchs
• Decline of Feudalism, rise of cities help
  monarchs gain power
• Decline of Church authority also increases power
• Crises Lead to Absolutism
• The 17th century is a period of great upheaval
• Monarchs impose order by increasing their own
  power.

27
Possible Basis ofDivine Right of KingsRomans
131-4

•  Let every person be subject to the governing
  authorities. For there is no authority except
  from God, and those that exist have been
  instituted by God. Therefore whoever resists the
  authorities resists what God has appointed, and
  those who resist will incur judgment. For rulers
  are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad.
  Would you have no fear of the one who is in
  authority? Then do what is good, and you will
  receive his approval, for he is Gods servant for
  your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he
  does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the
  servant of God, an avenger who carries out Gods
  wrath on the wrongdoer.

28
The Reign of Louis XIV

• Chapter 5, Section 2

29
Section Opener

• After a century of war and riots, France was
  ruled by Louis XIV, the most powerful monarch of
  this time.

30
Religious Wars and Power Struggles

• Henry of Navarre
• Henry, who was a French Calvinist (Huguenot)
  ascends to French throne in 1589 and converts to
  Catholicism ending the religious wars.
• Issues Edict of Nantesa declaration of religious
  toleration

31
Religious Wars and Power Struggles

• Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
• Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu in 1624 as
  minister who rules France.
• Increases power of the Bourbons by limiting
  Huguenots freedom
• Also weakens power of the nobility

32

• Picture of Louis XIII

33
Writers Turn Toward Skepticism

• A New Attitude
• Skepticismthe idea that nothing can be known for
  certain. It resulted from those who were
  horrified by groups that claimed to be the only
  ones with a correct set of doctrines.
• Montaigne and Descartes
• Montaigne explores ideas about lifes meaning in
  essays.
• Descartes uses observation and reason to create
  new philosophy and help develop scientific method.

34
Louis XIV Comes to Power

• A New French Ruler
• Louis XIV is the most powerful ruler in French
  history.
• Louis the Boy King
• Hatred of Cardinal Mazarin, Louis minister while
  he was a boy, leads to riots.

35

• Louis Weakens the Nobles Authority
• Louis takes control of the government in 1661.
• He appoints intendantsgovernment agentsto
  collect taxes.
• Economic Growth
• Jean Baptiste Colbertfinance ministerhelps the
  economy grow. He believes in mercantilism.
• In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes Huguenots
  flee France.

36
The Sun Kings Grand Style

• A Life of Luxury
• Louis lives very well, with every meal a feast.
• Louis Controls the Nobility
• Louis keeps nobles at palace to increase his
  power over them.
• Builds magnificent palace at Versailles
• Patronage of the Arts
• Versailles is a center of arts during reign of
  Louis XIV
• Purpose of the arts is to glorify Louis

37
Panoramic view of Versailles Palace
38
Another view of Versailles Palace
39
Drawing of Versailles from above
40
Queens Bed Chamber
41
Louis Fights Disastrous Wars

• Attempts to Expand Frances Boundaries
• Louis fights wars in the 1660s and 1670s to
  expand France.
• 1667-Invades Spanish Netherlands.
• 1672-Invades Dutch Netherlands.
• In 1680s, many countries unite against him in
  League of Augsburg
• France is weakened by poor harvests, warfare, and
  high taxes.

42
Louis Fights Disastrous Wars

• War of Spanish Succession
• War of Spanish Succession begins in 1701
• This war attempts to prevent the union of the
  French and Spanish throne.
• War ends in 1714 France and Spain lose some
  possessions.

43
Louis Fights Disastrous Wars

• Louiss Death and Legacy
• Louis dies leaving mixed legacy
• Rule makes France a major military and cultural
  power in Europe
• His wars and palace leave France with heavy debts.

44
Central European Monarchs Clash

• Chapter 5, Section 3

45
Essential Questions

• Why/How did absolute monarchs rise to power in
  Austria and the Germanic state of Prussia?
• What were the causes and effects of the Thirty
  Years War?
• How did European power shift as a result of
  conflicts like the War of Austrian Succession and
  the Seven Years War?

46
The Thirty Years War

• Rising Tension
• Tension rises between Lutherans and Catholics in
  central Europe
• Bohemian Protestants Revolt
• In 1618, Protestants revolt against Catholic
  Hapsburg rulers (Ferdinand II)
• Results in Thirty Years War a conflict over
  religion, land, power

47
Thirty Years War (continued)

• Hapsburg Triumphs (sometimes spelled Habsburg)
• From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies have many
  victories
• Troops plunder many German villages

48
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1619-1637)
49
House of Habsburg coat of armsat their height
50
Austrian Hapsburg Coat of Arms
51
House of Habsburg at its Height
52
Current Flag Coat of Arms of Austria
civil flag of Austria
coat of arms of Austria
53
State and War Flag of Austria
A combination of the civil flag and the coat of
arms of Austria.
54
Thirty Years War (continued)

• Hapsburg Defeats
• In 1630, tide turns in favor of Protestants with
  the entrance of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
  Habsburg armies were driven out of northern
  Germany
• By 1635, the Thirty Years War is less
• Catholic vs. Protestant and more Catholic vs.
  Catholic
• Remember Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin of
  France?
• They began to fear growing Habsburg power more
  than Protestants, so they sent French (Catholic)
  troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants
  in their struggle against the Habsburg armies

55
End of the Thirty Years War

• Important consequences
• War ruins German economy, greatly decreases
  population (from about 20 million to 16 million)
• Took a long time for Germany to recover from the
  devastation one of the reasons it takes so long
  for it to become a unified country (1871)
• Peace of Westphalia (1648) ends the war
• Treaty recognizes Europe as group of independent
  states
• Treaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens France
• Ended the religious wars of Europe
• Treaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of
  peace
• Beginning of Modern States- the idea of a
  united Catholic European empire is abandoned

56
States Form in Central Europe

• Economic Contrasts with the West
• Economy in central Europe still based in serfs
  and agriculture, strictly controlled by the
  landowning nobility (unlike western Europe, where
  cities/towns became centers of commerce and you
  see a growing middle class.
• Several Weak Empires
• Landowning nobles in central Europe block growth
  of kings power.
• Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires are also weak.

57
Rise of Austrian Empire

• Austria Grows Stronger
• Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands, rule large
  empire
• Difficult to rule, however, because there were
  many different ethnic groups within the empire
• Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne
• Emperor Charles VI worked hard to see that his
  daughter inherited his throne (Pragmatic
  Sanction)
• Maria Theresa becomes empress of Austria but
  faces years of war.

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The Pragmatic Sanction
This document, The Pragmatic Sanction, declared
that Maria Theresa would inherit the Austrian
throne.
59
Maria Theresaof Austria-Known for her famous
daughter, Marie Antoinette-Decreased the power
of the nobility-Worked to help the serfs
60
Prussia Challenges Austria

• The Rise of Prussia
• Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia build Europes
  best army
• They call themselves kings and become absolute
  monarchs.
• Frederick William introduces permanent taxation
• Prussian nobles (the Junkers) resist royal power,
  but king buys their loyalty- they get the
  exclusive right to be officers in the army.
• Frederick the Great
• Frederick the Great becomes king of Prussia
• Enforces fathers military policies but softens
  some of his laws.

61
Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia. He was
nicknamed Old Fritz.
62
What makes Frederick so Great?

• He encouraged religious toleration and legal
  reform
• He believed a ruler should be like a father to
  his people
• We refer to him as an enlightened despot

63
Prussia Challenges Austria

• War of Austrian Succession
• In 1740, Frederick starts war against Austria to
  gain Silesia (which was rich in iron ore,
  textiles and food products).
• Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but loses
  Silesia in treaty.
• As a result of the war, Prussia becomes a major
  power in Europe.

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Prussia Challenges Austria

• The Seven Years War
• Austria allies with France against Britain and
  Prussia
• In 1756, Frederick attacks Saxony, launching
  Seven Years War (called the French and Indian
  War in America).
• France loses colonies in North America, Britain
  gains India.
• No real territorial changes in Europe as a result
  of the war

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Absolute Rulers of Russia

• Chapter 5, Section 4

66
Essential Questions

• What steps did Ivan the Terrible take to
  consolidate power for himself?
• How did Russia contrast with the rest of Europe
  in the 1600s?
• What changes did Peter the Great bring to Russia
  and how were they resisted?

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The First Czar

• Ivan the Terrible
• In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king of Russia
  
• _at_ age 3! (Yes, three)
• Struggles for power with boyarslandowning
  nobles.
• Seizes power _at_ age 16 and crowns himself czar,
  also spelled tsar, meaning caesar. Marries
  Anastasia (Romanov).

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Why So Terrible?

• Ivans Good Period 1547-1560
• Wins great victories
• Expands Russias borders
• Creates a code of laws
• Rules justly
• Ivans Bad Period
• In 1560 Ivans wife, Anastasia, dies. Ivan
  accuses the boyars of poisoning her. Paranoia
  seizes Ivan and he becomes suspicious of the
  boyars.
• Ivan abdicates in 1564, but is begged to return.
  He agrees as long as he is given absolute power.
• Ivan uses the oprichniki (or personal guard) to
  persecute the boyars, kill them, and seize their
  lands

69
Rise of the Romanovs

• Heir to the throne?
• Ivan gets into an argument with his son (also
  named Ivan) hits him on the head and kills him.
• Next in line to the throne is Feodor, who is
  mentally and physically not fit to lead. He dies
  childless and leaves no heir.
• Russia enters the Time of Troubles- constant
  change of leadership
• Michael Romanov, grand-nephew of Ivan IV, is
  chosen to be the next czar. Thus begins the rule
  of the Romanov Dynasty.

70
Peter the Great Comes to Power

• The Rise of Peter
• Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins to
  reform Russia
• Russia Contrasts with Europe
• Cut off geographically from Europe
• Culturally isolated, little contact with western
  Europe
• Religious differences widen gap (Russian Orthodox
  vs. Catholic/Protestant)

71
Peter Rules Absolutely

• Peter Visits the West
• In 1697, Peter (age 24) visits western Europe to
  learn European ways known as the Grand Embassy
• Peters Goal
• Goal of westernizationusing western Europe as a
  model for change
• Peters Reforms
• Brings Orthodox Church under state control
• Reduces power of great landowners
• Modernizes army by having European officers train
  soldiers

72
Peter Rules Absolutely (continued)

• Westernizing Russia
• Introduces potatoes
• Starts Russias first newspaper
• Raises womens status
• Adopts Western fashion
• Advances education

73
Peter Rules Absolutely (continued)

• Establishing St. Petersburg
• Peter wants a seaport that will make travel to
  West easier.
• Fights Sweden 21 years to win a port on Baltic
  Sea
• In 1703, begins building new capital called
• St. Petersburg- the window on Europe.
• Building city takes many years, many serfs die in
  process.
• By the time of Peters death, Russia is force to
  be reckoned with in Europe

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English Embankment, St. Petersburg, Russia
75
Palace Square, St. Petersburg
76
Church of the Savior on Spilt Blood,St.
Petersburg, Russia
77
Still the same old problems?

• Today, Russia still suffers from an identity
  crisis.
• Is it an Eastern nation or a Western nation?
• Example the Ukraine (a former Russian Republic
  with a sizable Russian-speaking population.
• The country is on the verge of civil war because
  those in the western part of the country wish to
  improve western ties, whereas those in the east
  wish to grow closer to Russia

78
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

• Chapter 5 Section 5

79
James I and the clash with Parliament

• James I wanted absolute power when he inherited
  the throne from Queen Elizabeth
• Elizabeth wanted absolute power too, but was
  better at flattering parliament to get her way
• Always conflict between the royalty and
  parliament over - royalty wants for royal
  court and foreign wars

80
James I continued

• Also annoyed people b/c he refused to make
  Puritan reforms (get rid of Catholic practices).
  
• Hated when anyone told him what to do (sound
  familiar?)
• Known for the King James bible the Puritan
  translation of the old bible

81
King James I
82
Charles I

• 1625, James I dies and his son, Charles I, gets
  the throne
• Always needed for war
• When parliament denied requests, he dissolved
  parliament
• 1628, parliament gets back together and asks
  Charles to sign the Petition of Right

83
Petition of Right

• No imprisonment without due cause
• No taxation without parliaments consent
• No putting soldiers in private homes
• No martial law during peacetime
• Charles I signed the petition and then ignored it
  even dissolved parliament again and levied mad
  taxes on the people

84
More of Charles I

• The people hated the taxes (obviously)
• Doesnt he look like a pompous jerk?

85
English Civil War

• Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND England,
  there were several religions
• Charles I wanted ONE religion ended up in Civil
  War when the Scots rebelled
• War cost , so Charles needed Parliament.
  Parliament hated him and wanted to limit his
  power
• Supporters of Charles I Royalists
• The opposition supports Parliament Roundheads

86
More Civil War

• Under leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the puritan
  roundheads finally won (1646)
• Took Charles I hostage, tried him in front of the
  public and executed him
• The decapitation -

87
Oliver Cromwell

• 1649 he got rid of the monarchy and established a
  republican form of government
• Sent most of the Parliamentary members home and
  eventually established a military dictatorship
  (he tore up the first constitution that his
  associate produced)
• Since Ireland was under English rule, the Irish
  revolted against Cromwell and failed 616,000
  Irish were killed by war, plague and famine

88
Puritan Morality

• Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve
  Englands morality
• Abolished all sinful things like theater
• Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite
  his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)

89
Restoration and Revolution

• English get sick of military rule and after
  Cromwell dies, they ask the older son of Charles
  I (Charles II) to rule England
• Restoration of monarch restoration
• Allowed the return of theater and sports
• Passed important guarantee of freedom Habeas
  Corpus
• to have the body
• People need to know why theyre arrested
• Could not be held indefinitely without trial

90
James II and the Glorious Revolution

• James II got the throne after Charles II died
• Everyone hated James b/c he was flamboyantly
  Catholic and gave his Catholic friends good jobs
• James was eventually peacefully overthrown by his
  own daughter and her husband (protestants)
• William and Mary then ruled England

91
Political Changes

• First Constitutional Monarchy where laws limited
  the rulers power
• Bill of Rights
• No suspension of Parliaments laws
• No taxes w/o Parliaments consent
• Freedom of speech in Parliament
• No penalty for complaining about the King

92
Political Changes Continued

• Established a Cabinet
• Cabinet was a link b/w the majority party in
  Parliament and the King
• Became center of power and policymaking
• Still exists today
• Leader of Cabinet Prime Minister
• Sorry there were no pictures. If youre still
  awake, I love you!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!