Abstract language

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Abstract language
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Language describing ideas or qualities rather
than observable, specific things
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Allegory
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Anachronism
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Out of time, placing something in time where it
does not belong
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Anaphora
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Repetition of the first word, phrase, or clause
at the beginning of 2 or more sentences
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Anecdote
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A short narrative detailing the particulars of an
event
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Aphorism
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A short statement of containing a general truth
or moral wisdom
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assonance
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Repetition of a vowel sound in words in close
proximity
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Asyndeton
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Using only commas, but no conjunctions speeds
up the flow of the sentence equalizes all parts
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Carpe Diem
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A philosophy of living for the day and not
thinking about tomorrow
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Chiasmus
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XYYX pattern
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Connotation
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The non-literal, associative meaning of a word
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Conceit
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An extended metaphor or a surprising analogy
between two dissimilar objects
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Clause
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Santas Last Name
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A grammatical unit containing both a subject and
a verb
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Didactic
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A term used to describe fiction or nonfiction
that teaches a lesson
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Doublespeak
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Evasiveness in writing or speech
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Euphemism
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Replacing a word with a more pleasant sounding one
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Hyperbole
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A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration
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Metonymy
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A figure of speech where the name of the object
is substituted with a word closely associated
with it
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Oxymoron
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Grouping contradictory terms together to suggest
a paradox
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Paradox
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A statement that seems opposed to common sense,
but upon closer examination contains some
validity or truth
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Parallelism
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Similar grammatical words, phrases or clauses
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Loose sentence
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A sentence in which the main idea comes first
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Pedantic
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A tone that is overly bookish or educated
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Periodic sentence
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A sentence in which the main idea comes at the end
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Exposition
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Writing that expresses ideas, explains and
analyzes ideas
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Satire
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Writing that targets human folly, social
institutions, or conventions for reform or
ridicule
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Synecdoche
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A figure of speech in which the part signifies
the whole or the whole signifies the part
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Foul is fair and fair is foul.

• Macbeth

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Paradox

• And antimetabole

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I want you to want meI need you to need meId
love you to love me

• Cheap Trick

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Anaphora

• And Epistrophe

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Cruel kindness
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Oxymoron
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They were the best of times they were the worst
of times.

• Charles Dickens

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Parallelism

• And epistrophe
• And paradox

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Beware of the suits!
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Metonymy
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My grandmother, a centenarian, had a keen sense
of smell until her death.
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Appositive

• A noun describing a noun

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The alien, teeth bared, devoured every human it
could sink its teeth into.
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Absolute
A noun and a participle describing something in
a sentence
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Breathing heavily, the human barely evaded the
alien.
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Participle phrase

• Particples end in ed, -ing, or they can be
  irregular as in gone form the word go

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To run was the only option to survive the aliens
jaws.

• What kind of sentence?

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Simple
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It is best to run from the alien, or you will get
eaten.
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Compound Sentence
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As she faced certain death, Ripley sprayed the
alien with acid.
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Complex sentence
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While the alien appeared to be dead, the
survivors had to be wary, or they too would end
up as a fricassee.
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Compound-Complex sentence
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The android tried to persuade Ripley that he was
human, but Ripley didnt believe him.
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Compound-Complex Sentence
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First the alien killed humans soon, however, the
humans and androids were killing each other.
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Another days dawns in the universe.
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Simple
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The alien and Ripley never really did become
friends.
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Simple
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deduction
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Using logic, particularly a syllogism to arrive
at a conclusion or truth
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induction
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Using an array of evidence and appeals to arrive
at a conclusion or truth
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The three parts of a syllogism
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Major premise, minor premise, conclusion
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Enthymeme
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A syllogistic structure in which the major
premise is assumed to be true by the audience and
therefore, unstated by the writer or speaker
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Syllogism or Enthymeme?

• To drink alcohol, legally in the U.S., you must
  be 21.
• Emma is 16.
• Emma cannot drink alcohol legally.

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Syllogism
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Syllogism or Enthymeme?

• All people that wear glasses are smart.
• Mrs. Trang wears glasses.
• Mrs. Trang must be smart.

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Syllogism or Enthymeme?

• All marijuana smokers drank milk when they were
  children
• Bill drank milk when he was a child.
• Bill smokes marijuana.

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Enthymeme
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Syllogism or Enthymeme?
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People who eat a lot of sweets are putting
themselves at risk for diabetes.Susie eats a lot
of sweets.Susie is putting herself at risk for
diabetes.
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Syllogism
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How does an enthymeme differ from a syllogism?
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The major premise is an unstated assumption the
writer believes the audience will accept as true.
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How is an argumentative essay different from a
persuasive essay?
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The persuasive essay will have an additional
paragraph at the end calling the reader to action.
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DefinitionsSardonic
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Bitter, scathing
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erudite
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scholarly
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Ad hominem
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Attacking the person instead of what the person
is saying
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Pathetic fallacy
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Giving nature human emotions or characteristics
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elegiac
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mournful
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Homily
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a sermon
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Periodic sentence
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A sentence in which the main idea appears at the
end (used to build suspense)
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Exigence
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The event that causes a writer to write