The Dual-Worker Family: The Real American Revolution

1
Chapter 13

• The Dual-Worker Family The Real American
  Revolution

2
Chapter Outline

• Women and the Economy
• Making the Decision to Become a Two Earner
  Family The Wife Goes to Work
• Child Care and Parental Leave
• Employers, Pregnant Employees, and Working Mothers

3
Chapter Outline

• Marital Satisfaction in the Two-Earner Family
• Work and Family Sources of Conflict
• Jobs, Occupations, and Careers
• Dual-Career Families

4
Women in the Workplace

• 1 in 2 workers are women.
• 4 in 5 mothers of school-age children work for
  pay.
• 2 in 5 working women are managers or
  professionals.
• 1 in 5 working women have administrative support
  jobs.

5
Women in the Workplace

• 1 in 2 people who work more than one job are
  women.
• 1 in 2 working women provide half or more of
  their household income.
• 7 in 10 married working mothers work more than 40
  hrs/week.
• More than 58 of workers paid by temp agencies
  are women.

6
Women in the Workplace

• 72 of part-time workers are female.
• 3 in 10 working women work evenings, weekends, or
  some combination.
• 3 women in 5 work at or below the minimum wage.
• Womens presence in once male dominated
  professions such as medicine, dentistry, and law
  increased significantly between 1990 and 2000.

7
Married Women in the Workplace

1. The inflationary pressures of the American
   economy and expectations of a rising standard of
   living combined to bring many women into the
   workforce.
2. Since World War II, real wages for men and women
   have increased dramatically. (Real wages are
   earnings adjusted for inflation.)

8
Married Women in the Workplace

1. The number and kinds of jobs available to women
   have increased tremendously.
2. Declining birthrates have contributed to the
   increased numbers of women working outside the
   home.
3. Increasing education has contributed to womens
   working outside the home.

9
Married Women in the Workplace

1. Attitudes about the role of the woman in the
   family have changed greatly during this century.
2. In the future, the lower birthrate will reduce
   the number of future workers available.

10
Womens Share of Higher Ed Degrees
1985 2002
Undergraduate 53 58
Bachelors 51 56
Masters 50 59
Doctorate 34 46
11
Top 10 Occupations for Women, 2000

1. Secretaries
2. Elementary and middle school teachers
3. Registered nurses
4. Cashiers
5. Retail sales persons

12
Top 10 Occupations for Women, 2000

1. Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
2. Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
3. Customer service representatives
4. Child-care workers
5. Waiters and waitresses

13
Median Income of Families with Children, under 18
Family 1990 (2001 dollars) 2001
Married White Black Hispanic 54,187 56,952 46,912 36,081 65,203 71,102 55,734 40,541
14
Median Income of Families with Children, under 18
Family 1990 (2001 dollars) 2001
Mother-only White Black Hispanic 17,194 19,526 13,535 13,319 21,997 31,879 19,086 19,021
15
Median Income of Families with Children, under 18
Family 1990 (2001 dollars) 2001
Father-only White Black Hispanic 33,110 34,366 27,008 27,284 31,932 32,933 28,645 27,385
16
Different Work Patterns for Women

• The woman works for a few years until she marries
  and has children, then settles into the homemaker
  job for the rest of her life.
• This was the predominant pattern for Caucasian,
  middle-class women until World War II.
• Although many women still follow this pattern,
  their proportion is declining.

17
Different Work Patterns for Women

• Women follow the same career pattern as men that
  is, they remain in the paid labor force
  continuously and full time, through the years
  between school and retirement.
• Women most likely to follow this pattern are
  women without children, African American women,
  and women in professional and managerial jobs.

18
Different Work Patterns for Women

1. A woman works until she has children, then stays
   home for a certain amount of time (perhaps 5 to
   10 years), and returns to the labor force on a
   basis that will not conflict with her remaining
   family responsibilities.

19
Different Work Patterns for Women

• The woman remains in the labor force
  continuously, with short time-outs to have
  children.
• She combines family duties equally with work
  responsibilities.

20
Home Work, Division of Time

• Meal preparation and cleanup, about 30
• Care of family members, 15-25
• Clothing and regular house care, 15

21
Supermoms

• The working mother still does most of the
  housework.
• Although men are doing more, they still do not
  carry their fair share of household and
  child-care work when their wives work.

22
Childcare and Family Leave

• Since 1975, the labor force participation of
  mothers with children under 18 has grown from 47
  to 72.
• The Family and Medical Leave Act was passed in
  1993 granting workers up to 12 weeks unpaid
  leave for family emergencies.

23
Child-care Arrangement for Preschool Children
Provider of Children in care
Relatives 41
Child-care centers 30
Family day care 17
Child goes to work with mom 6
In-home caregiver 5
Other arrangements 1
24
Relationship between Family and Work

• Many employers feel that women with children are
  not as likely to make the same commitments to
  their careers as men are.
• Better leave policies, more flexible hours, job
  sharing, on-site childcare facilities, and the
  increased use of the home as a workplace are all
  ways to improve the relationship between family
  and work.

25
Attitude and Work
Basic Attitude Toward Work Basic Additional Value
1. Interruption Short-run income
2. Job Long-term income some work-oriented values (working to live)
3. Occupation Exercise and mastery of gratifying skills some satisfaction of achievement-oriented values
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Attitude and Work
Basic Attitude Toward Work Basic Additional Value
4. Career Participating in an important activity work-oriented, achievement oriented, advancement-oriented values
5. Vocation Self-identification and self-fulfillment
6. Mission Single-minded focus on achievement or advancement
27
Characteristics of Career Workers

1. Long-term commitment, including a period of
   formal training
2. Continuity (one moves to increasingly higher
   levels, if successful)
3. Mobility, to follow career demands

28
Quick Quiz
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1. The Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in
1993, includes which of the following?

1. Maternity leaves
2. Elder care
3. Child-care leaves
4. All of the above

30
Answer d

• The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 includes
  maternity leave, elder care and child-care leaves.

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2. The inflationary pressures of the American
economy and expectations of a rising standard of
living have combined to influence

1. More women to join the workforce
2. Less women to join the workforce
3. More dual career families
4. None of these

32
Answer a

• The inflationary pressures of the American
  economy and expectations of a rising standard of
  living have combined to influence more women to
  join the workforce.

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3. According to the text, what arrangement is the
most common provider of child-care for preschool
children?

1. Child-care centers
2. Family day care
3. In-home caregiver
4. Relatives

34
Answer d

• According to the text, relatives are the most
  common providers of childcare for preschool aged
  children.