Digestive System (Part 3) Odds and Ends

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Digestive System (Part 3)Odds and Ends
Digestion Overview
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Gall Bladder

• secretes bile (made in the LIVER) into the
  duodenum to emulsify fats
• Breaks down fat into fat droplets

Liver
Common Bile Duct
Gall Bladder
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Gallstones

• Made of cholesterol and CaCO3
• Block bile ducts

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Pancreases (Hormonal Function)

• Pancrease is an endocrine gland
• Produces hormones in the islets of Langerhans
• releasing insulin and glucagon into bloodstream

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Insulin Functions

• Aids in transportation of glucose into and out of
  cells by making cell membranes permeable to
  glucose
• Aids in formation of glycogen
• Aids in transfer of peptide monomer amino acids
  into cells
• Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates and helps
  maintain homeostasis

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Insulin Feedback Mechanism
Diabetic Video
Liver Stores glucose as glycogen
Pancreases (secretes insulin)
High Glucose (after eating)
Muscles Store glycogen
Adipose Stores glucose as fat
Results in lower glucose levels
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Glucagon

• Produced by the pancreases
• Works with Insulin in a complementary fashion
• Stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose

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Glucagon Feedback Mechanism
Liver Converts glycogen to glucose
Low Glucose (between meals)
Pancreas (secretes glucagon)
Muscles Converts glycogen to glucose
Results in higher blood glucose levels
Adipose Converts fat to glucose
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Liver

• Six Major Functions
• Synthesis of digestive emulsifier bile
• Destroys red blood cells and converts the
  hemoglobin into bile components
• Maintains blood glucose homeostasis
• Deaminates amino acids by removing the toxic
  amino group and converting it into urea
• Manufactures plasma proteins (eg. Clotting
  components from amino acids found in the blood
  fibrinogen)
• Detoxifies the blood by converting harmful
  metabolites into less harmful substance eg.
  alcohol

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Liver Disorders
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The Liver
This is an in-situ photograph of the chest and
abdominal contents. As can be seen, the liver is
the largest parenchymal organ, lying just below
the diaphragm. The right lobe (at the left in the
photograph) is larger than the left lobe. The
falciform ligament is the rough dividing line
between the two lobes.
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Cirrhosis caused by chronic alcoholism
This is an example of a micronodular cirrhosis.
The regenerative nodules are quite small,
averaging less than 3 mm in size. The most common
cause for this is chronic alcoholism. The process
of cirrhosis develops over many years.
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Intrahepatic Obstruction

• Here is an example of intrahepatic obstruction
  with a small stone in an intrahepatic bile duct.

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Cancer)
The satellite nodules of this hepatocellular
carcinoma represent either intrahepatic spread of
the tumor or multicentric origin of the tumor.
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Dr. Oz Liver Disease

• http//www.doctoroz.com/videos/1-food-you-need-los
  e-pt-2

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Elephant Guts

• Elephant guts online
• stop after 142
• Continue on to elephant guts 2