CONFRONTING THE

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• CONFRONTING THE
• UNITED STATES

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U.S. IMPERIAL POWER

• Conquest and incorporation
• Formal colonization
• Informal spheres of influence

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STRATEGIES FOR POWER

• Mexico
• Conquest and incorporation
• Military intervention
• Political and economic pressure
• Central America and Caribbean
• Colonization (Puerto Rico, Panama?)
• Dollar diplomacy and sphere of influence
• Military intervention (Dominican Republic,
  Panama, Haiti)
• Cuba
• Military intervention, occupation (1898-1902)
• Quasi-colony (Platt Amendment, 1902-33)
• Sphere of influence (1934-59)
• Attempts at overthrow (1959- )

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U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS, 1898-1933

• Costa Rica 1921
• Cuba 1898-1902, 1906-1909, 1912, 1917-1922
• Dominican Rep 1903, 1904, 1914, 1916-1924
• Haiti 1915-1934
• Honduras 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924,
  1925
• Mexico 1913, 1914, 1916-1917, 1918-1919
• Nicaragua 1898, 1899, 1909-1910, 1912-1925,
  1926-1933
• Panama 1903-1914, 1921, 1925

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Defining the Challenge

• Establishing sovereignty
• Articulating national interests
• In the wake of colonial rule (and war)
• Negotiating international arena
• Confronting the United States

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• STRATEGIC OPTIONS
• Collective unity (the Bolivarian dream)
• Extra-hemispheric protection
• Regional hegemony
• International law
• Cultures of resistance
• Alignment with the United States

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OPTIONS IN ACTION MEXICO

• Collective unity (as leader of Latin America)
• Regional hegemony (in Central America)
• International law (re sovereignty)
• Cultures of resistance
• Alignment with United States (NAFTA)

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CENTRAL AMERICA CARIBBEAN

• Central America
• Collective unity (unification)
• Cultures of resistance
• Alignment with USA
• Caribbean
• Extra-hemispheric protection (Europe)
• Cultures of resistance
• Alignment with USA

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CUBA

• Cultures of resistance revolution
• Extra-hemispheric protection
• Collective unity (?)

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• Outcomes and Implications
• Short-term success and experimentation
• Growth of nationalist anti-imperialism
• Continuing quest for sovereignty
• Tensions in U.S.-Latin American relations