Title: The
1The Confident Years
2The Eisenhower Presidency
3Eisenhowers Philosophy
- Moderate Republicanism
- aka Dynamic Conservatism
- Middle course between liberalism and
conservativism - Pro-business policies, reduce govt. spending
- Keeps the fundamentals of the New Deal
4A More Liberal Supreme Court
- New chief justice Earl Warren more liberal
than in the past - Yates v. United States stops prosecutions of
communists - Brown v. Board of Education
- Declares school segregation unconstitutional
- Orders South to desegregate at all deliberate
speed - Southern states refuse, delay
- KKK revives
- Southern Manifesto members of Congress denounce
Brown
5Eisenhower Civil Rights
- Little Rock Nine
- Ike sends in the National Guard to protect them
- Ike sees segregation as a threat to our national
security - Other countries wont support us
6Eisenhower The Cold War
7Ikes Cold War Philosophy
- Wants to please right-wing Republicans
- Picks John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State
- massive retaliation
- Brinkmanship
- Ike is more moderate
- Lets Soviets crush uprisings in East Germany,
Hungary - Works with Soviets to limit nuclear weapons
testing - Focus shifts to the Third World
8CIA Covert Actions
- CIA works to overthrow regimes friendly to
Communism - Coup to overthrow the government of Iran in 1953
- Prime minister had nationalized oil fields
- Put in pro-American Shah who gives us a good rate
on oil - But Iranians hate us!
- Overthrow democratically elected government in
Guatemala - It had redistributed United Fruit Company land to
the poor - We put in a dictator
9The Vietnam Domino
- Ho Chi Minh (a communist )and the Vietminh are
fighting France for control of Vietnam - French surrender, agree to hold elections
- Domino Theory afraid that if Vietnam goes
Communist, all of Asia will too - We call off elections, put Diem in power in South
Vietnam
10Trouble in the Third World
- Suez Crisis
- Nasser in Egypt wants to modernize
- We want to help him build the Aswan Dam
- We pull out funding when he recognizes China
- Nasser nationalizes the British-owned Suez Canal
- Britain, France, and Israel attack Egypt
- Eisenhower makes them withdraw
- Consequences Antiwestern sentiment in the Middle
East, we take responsibility in the region - U-2 spy plane shot down
11The Affluent Society
12The New Industrial Society (1)
- Govt. spending keeps up after WWII
- Defense industries, technology, research
- Workplace changes
- Now more white collar jobs than blue collar
- Automation, company culture
- Auto industry booms
- 2-car families
- Interstate Highway Act
- Cars ? homogeny (McDonalds, Drive-ins, motels)
13The New Industrial Society (2)
- Corporate consolidation
- 0.5 of businesses control over 50 of corporate
income - Conglomerations mergers, oligopolies
- More bureaucracy
- Farming more mechanized
- Huge farms, few small farmers
- Environmental costs Silent Spring
14Blue-Collar Blues
- AFL CIO merge in 1955
- 85 of all union workers
- Much fewer strikes
- Most workers already have what they want
- Decrease in blue collar workers
15Prosperity and the Suburbs
- Middle class can afford to move to the suburbs
- Can get there because of highways
- Planned communities, homogenous
- Can spend more income on wants instead of needs
- Consumerism
- First credit card introduced Diners Club
16Consensus Conservatism
17The Baby Boom Domesticity
- Baby Boom generation born between 1946-1964
- Good economic times ? earlier marriages, more
kids - Dr. Spock advice for mothers stay at home,
live for your babies and husbands - Popular culture glorifies womens roles as
full-time moms - TV shows, books, magazines, education
- Even while many poor women have to work
181950s Culture
- Television Conformity
- White middle-class families
- Religion Resurgence of moderate Christianity
- Trying to separate ourselves from Communists
- Education Enrollment increases
- Prize well-rounded students over intelligence,
skills - Teen Culture
- Teenager is a new word
- Companies see them as a new market
19The Other America
20Poverty Urban Blight
- 35 million Americans live in poverty
- Concentrated in cities and rural areas
- The Other America Michael Harrington
- Shows slums, poverty
- Govt. does not build low-income housing
- Banks, landlords wont sell to nonwhites
21The Civil Rights Movement
- Nonviolent resistance movement
- Rosa Parks, Montgomery bus boycott
- Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC
- Brought attention to the issues, shows African
Americans will not accept segregation
22Latinos and Latinas, Native Americans
- Latinos Latinas
- New wave of immigrants from the Caribbean
- Immigrants are underpaid, overcharged, segregated
- Bracero program reintroduced
- Increase in illegal immigration
- Native Americans
- Poorest minority, highest death rates and
unemployment - Congress withdraws financial support from many
reservations
23Seeds of Disquiet
24Sputnik
- Soviets launch first satellite October 4, 1957
Sputnik - U.S. govt. is scared it has fallen behind
- for missile development
- Creates NASA
- Improve American education in science and math
25Dangerous Trends
- Media focuses on juvenile delinquency
- Fear of teenage crime
- Rock-and-roll
- White middle class sees it as race music
- Think it will corrupt youth
- Elvis Presley
26Nonconformity
- Teens want to rebel from mainstream culture
- Rock n roll, cult movies, Mad magazine
- Beat Movement group of writers who reject
conformity, materialism, family values - Jack Keruoac, Allen Ginsberg
27Eisenhowers Legacy
- Farewell address
- Warns of the military-industrial complex
- Says that our economy is now tied to military
expenditures - Dangerous could lead to unnecessary wars
28The Kennedy Presidency
29Election 1960
- Kennedy Advantages
- Young
- Charismatic smooth style
- Good speaker
- Kennedy Disadvantages
- -Roman Catholic
- -Unknown politician
- -Inexperienced
- -Considered a party boy
30Election 1960
- Nixon Advantages
- -Vice President
- -Republican economy doing well, at the moment
- -Experienced
- -President Eisenhower popularity
- Nixon Disadvantages
- -Not personable
- -President Eisenhower
- -Not charismatic
31Presidential Candidates 1960Similarities?
32Presidential Candidates 2008Similarities?
33A New Beginning
- John F. Kennedy
- Liberal, thinks activist govt. can improve lives
of Americans - Calls it the New Frontier
- Beats Richard Nixon in 1960
- Very close election, comes down to TV
- (show debate)
- Kennedy Mystique idea of the Kennedys as a
perfect family
34Kennedys Domestic Record
- Tries to stimulate economic growth
- Increases defense spending, nuclear weapons,
race to the moon - Wants to cut corporate taxes
- Doesnt get through Congress
- But the economy is booming anyways
- He doesnt do much else domestically
- (show inaug.)
35Outgoing and Incoming Presidents
1960Similarities?
36Outgoing and Incoming Presidents
2008Similarities?
37Camelot and the Kennedy Mystique
38Camelot
- Youth movement in the White House
- - youthful
- - kids
- - exciting
- - trendy
- Camelot the musical based on a king and knights
who worked to perform noble deeds, greatness. - JFK administration was portrayed as the same and
referred to as Camelot.
39Camelot
- An administration of the best and the brightest.
- Very talented and educated people with new ideas.
- Considered public service to be exciting and
glamorous. - Work hard, play hard mentality.
40Camelot
41Camelot
42Camelot
43Camelot
44Camelot
45Camelot(show Happy Birthday)
46Kennedy and the Cold War (1)
- Believes we must have the superior force
- Military spending, brinkmanship
- Economic assistance to the Third World
- Peace Corps
- Bay of Pigs fiasco
- We send Cuban exiles to invade Cuba, overthrow
Fidel Castro - Huge failure!
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49Foreign Affairs
- The Bay of Pigs
- April 17, 1961 Bay of Pigs goes launches
- Complete disaster/failure
- - CIA trained exiles fell short of Cuba and
landed in coral reefs - - As they reached land Cuban troops were
waiting, killed and captured exiles - - JFK was urged to send in Air Force but refused
50Foreign Affairs
- The Bay of Pigs
- Result
- JFK was criticized for interfering with other
countries - First major foreign affairs issue was a failure
and JFK took all the blame - Victory has a thousand fathers, but defeat is an
orphan. - (show footage)
51Kennedy and the Cold War (2)
- Berlin Crisis
- Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev demands U.S.
withdraw troops from West Berlin - Kennedy refuses, looks like war
- Soviets build a wall to seal of East Berlin
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- We discover Soviets building nuclear missile
sites in Cuba - We are at a stand off for 13 days
- Closest we come to nuclear war
- Compromise we pull missile out of Turkey, they
pull theirs out of Cuba
52Foreign Affairs
- Berlin
- JFK meets with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev to
discuss East and West Berlin. - Berlin was divided after WWII
- -East Communist
- -West Democracy
53Foreign Affairs
- Berlin
- The border between East and West was closed
everywhere except Berlin. - Berlin became an escape route for people escaping
out of the Communist East 25,000 people per day. - Soviet Union feared they would lose their
workforce.
54Foreign Affairs
- Berlin
- During the summit Khrushchev told JFK he would
not continue to allow this. - JFK responded that he would defend the West even
if it meant war. - The Soviet Union responded by building a wall to
prevent East Germans from leaving, The Berlin
Wall.
55Foreign Affairs
- Berlin
- Result
- -JFK gave a speech in West Berlin criticizing the
wall and Communism I am a Berliner - -U.S. and Western Europe was outraged at the
building of the wall, strengthened their bond to
prevent Communist spread - (show footage)
56Kennedy and the Cold War (2)
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- We discover Soviets building nuclear missile
sites in Cuba - We are at a stand off for 13 days
- Closest we come to nuclear war
- Compromise we pull missile out of Turkey, they
pull theirs out of Cuba
57Foreign Affairs
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- (show footage)
- October, 1962
- A year after the Bay of Pigs the Cold War
escalates to its highest level again in Cuba - U-2 spy planes monitoring Cuba discover Soviet
Union missile launching sites in Cuba - Sites capable of launching nuclear war heads at
the US
58Foreign Affairs
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- JFK forms the Executive Committee for National
Security, ExCom - 12 most trusted advisors to determine how to
respond - ExCom agreed that something must be done but did
not agree on what - Two options
- 1. bomb the launch
- sites, or,
- 2. quarantine
59JFK Assassination
- JFK assassinated in Dallas
- Lee Harvey Oswald
- He is killed by Jack Ruby
- Makes a martyr of JFK
- Mixed record as President
- Doesnt fully support, helps the economy by
building the military, not helping people - Signs nuclear test ban treaty, but huge arms
build up
60Box 8-9 Assassination
61Assassination
- Background
- President JFK and VP LBJ take a campaign trip to
Dallas TX. - -LBJ and Texas governor John Connally arrange the
trip - -3 goals for the trip
- Raise campaign funds
- Reelection
- JFK barely won in TX and lost in Dallas
62Assassination
- Background
- Plans of a trip to Dallas are released in
September and the motorcade route was announced
to the press two days prior. - In mid October, Lee Harvey Oswald takes a job at
the Texas School Book Depository making a 1.25
filling book orders. - TX School Book Depository is located on the
motorcade route.
63Assassination
- Background
- October 1963 JFKs United Nations Secretary
Adlai Stevenson attends a meeting in Dallas - Stevenson was harassed, hit, and spit on by
Texans - Stevenson and other JFK advisors warned him about
going to Dallas - Dallas did not like JFK
64Assassination
- Friday November 22, 1963
- 1140 a.m.CST
- -JFK along with Jacqueline, VP LBJ and Lady Bird
arrive at Dallas Love Field Airport - -From there they would proceed in a motorcade to
the Dallas Trade Mart where JFK would give a
speech at a luncheon with Dallas businessmen and
political leaders.
65Assassination
- Friday November 22, 1963
- 1155 a.m. CST
- JFK leaves the airport en route to the Trade Mart
- 15 to 20 minutes behind schedule
- JFK was scheduled to arrive at the Trade Mart at
12 noon - The motorcade stops twice en route to the Trade
Mart to shake hands and greet Catholic school
kids and nuns.
66Assassination
- Friday November 22, 1963
- 1229 p.m. CST
- -Presidential limo enters the Dealey Plaza
- Just before 1230 p.m. CST
- -JFK motorcade begins approaching TX School Book
Depository - -Motorcade begins to turn away from the
Depository off of Houston and onto Elm Street
67Assassination
- 1230 p.m. CST
- Soon after the Presidents limo turns onto Elm
Street 3 shots are fired - First shot does not hit JFK
- Second shot strikes JFK in the back and exits
through his throat - Several seconds go by
- -Third shot hits JFK in the head opening up the
right side of his head - (show footage CBS breaking news)
68Zapruder Film
69Assassination
- 1231 p.m. CST
- Mrs. Kennedy climbs to the back of the limo
- Secret Service agents storm the Presidential limo
to cover JFK - Limo speeds up to leave the scene and rush JFK to
Parkland Hospital - (show Zapruder film)
70Assassination
- 1245 p.m. CST
- At Parkland Hospital doctors work frantically to
save President Kennedys life - Perform various surgeries all with no result
- A Roman Catholic Priest is called in to read JFK
his last rites - 100 p.m. CST
- Doctors at Parkland Hospital pronounce JFK dead
- (show W. Cronkite last 45 seconds)
71JFK Autopsy Photos
72JFK Autopsy Photos
73JFK Autopsy Photos
74Assassination
- 133 p.m. CST
- -White House Press Secretary for the Dallas trip
(Malcolm Kilduff) meets with reporters - President John F. Kennedy died at approximately
100 p.m. Central Standard Time today, here in
Dallas. He died of a gunshot wound to the brain.
I have no other details regarding the
assassination of the President. - (show footage)
75Assassination
- Monday November 25, 1963
- The End of Camelot
- -250,000 came to pay last respects to President
Kennedy - Over 90 countries were represented at the funeral
- 300,000 people attended the funeral precession
76Assassination
- Reaction to the death of JFK
- 99 of Americans knew what was going on within 3
hours of the assassination - Cleveland Browns fans had signs that read Dallas
Killed the President - People gathered in department stores to watch TV
coverage - Schools/Businesses closed
77Assassination
- Reaction to the death of JFK
- -54 of Americans did not continue their normal
activity - -44 of Americans were mad
- -50 of Americans felt shame that this occurred
in America - -29 of Americans smoked more
- -43 of Americans said they did not want to eat
- High percentage of Americans reported sleep
problems and anxiety - (show JFK funeral (300 part)
78Assassination
- 238 p.m. CST
- JFK body and Jacqueline Kennedy board Air Force
One - LBJ is already on board and waiting
- With Jacqueline Kennedy at his side LBJ is sworn
in as the 36th President of the United States - (LBJ speech footage)
79Civil Rights Liberalism
80Nonviolent Resistance
- Freedom Rides through the South
- Beaten, buses burned
- JFK only steps in when he thinks it will make us
look bad - Birmingham, Alabama
- Marches, sit-ins to draw attention to segregation
- Gets national press coverage, gets JFK to call
for a Civil Rights Act - March on Washington I Have a Dream
- To get support for the Civil Rights Act
81Civil Rights Legislation
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Banned racial discrimination and segregation in
public accommodations - Allows the govt. to enforce it
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Gets rid of literacy tests, allows federal govt.
to register voters - Only after Freedom Summer
82Lyndon Baines Johnson
- Becomes President when JFK dies
- Can get JFKs Civil Rights Act, tax cut passed
- Declares war on poverty
- Economic Opportunity Act 1964
- Job Corps, VISTA, Head Start
- Vision of a Great Society
- End poverty, racial injustice, provide
opportunity to all
83The 1964 Election
- Republican conservatives horrified at the Great
Society - Nominate Barry Goldwater
- Outsider from the West, anticommunist, against
liberalism, for small government - LBJ portrays Goldwater as a dangerous extremist
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85The Great Society
- LBJ gets tons of legislation passed
- Medicare Medicaid
- Health insurance for the elderly, the poor
- Immigration Act of 1965
- Abolishes quota system from the 1920s
- Environmental protection
- Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act
- Was the Great Society a success?
- Poverty rate decreases
- But its underfunded, and we get bogged down in
Vietnam