Title: Foundations of Philosophy
1FoundationsofPhilosophy
2Philosophy is
- A search for meaning and truth
The general beliefs and attitudes of an
individual or group
The body of principles underlying a branch of
learning or major discipline
3Original Definition
- Love of Wisdom
- Definition was developed by Socrates
4Three Major Areas of Philosophy
- Metaphysics/Ontology - the nature of reality
- Axiology (Morality Ethics) deontology,
behavior, the nature of values - Epistemology - the nature of knowledge
5Metaphysics/Ontology
- Concerned with theories of the nature of reality
- Why does the universe exist?
- How did it come into being?
- Is mankind free?
- Is there a God?
- What is reality?
6Axiology
- concerned with theories of value
- Three major divisions of axiology
- deontology/morality
- What is right and wrong?
- What is good and evil?
- ethics
- What is right behavior?
- aesthetics
- What is beautiful and ugly?
7Epistemology
- Concerned with theories of the nature of
knowledge - Epistemological questions
- What is Knowledge?
- How do people learn?
- What knowledge is of utmost value?
- What are the different types of knowledge?
8Philosophical Schools of Thought
- Idealism
- Realism
- Pragmatism
- Existentialism
- Reconstructionism
9 10Idealism (Idea-ism)
- Idealist believe that ideas are the only true
reality. - The material world is characterized by change,
instability, and uncertainty some ideas are
enduring
11Idealism
- We should be concerned primarily with the search
for truth. Since truth is perfect and eternal,
it cannot be found in the world of matter that is
both imperfect and constantly changing.
12The Dialectic (Hegel)
Antithesis War is bad
Thesis War is good
Synthesis
13Leaders of Idealism
- Socrates (469-399 BC)
- Plato (427-347 BC)
- St. Augustine (350-430)
- Descartes (1596-1650)
- Berkeley (1685-1753)
- Kant (1724-1804)
14Socrates
- Regarded as the father of philosophy
- Believed we learned through questioning (the
Socratic method) - Wrote nothing, what we know of his views were
written by his followers, most notably Plato
15Plato
- A student of Socrates
- Known as the father of idealism
- Operated a school named the Academy
- Believed the world is a pale shadow of
thePlatonic Sphere
16Plato
- Those who demonstrate proficiency in the
dialectic would continue their education and
become philosophers in positions of power to lead
the state toward the highest good (the
Philosopher-King) - Believed both boys and girls should be educated
and girls should be equals.
17Augustine (354-430)
- Born in North Africa (Roman citizen)
- Mother - Christian, Father - Pagan
- Attended Roman Primary School
- grammar and literature emphasized
- At 16 went to Carthage and studied
- rhetoric, music, geometry, grammar, mathematics
- During his younger days He lied, he stole, he
wenched.
18Augustine. . .
- Became a grammaticus in his native town
- Taught rhetoric in Carthage, Rome, Milan
- While in his 30s was converted to Christianity,
took his holy orders and became a great
evangelist and priest. - Found great favor in the church andbecame a
great religious leader.
19Augustine
- People do not create knowledge God hasalready
created it, but people can discover it through
trying to find God.
20Augustines Beliefs
- Women were held in low regard (this view was
incorporated into the church and held for a
thousand years) - Only a few people possessed the mental ability to
quest for the truth. Therefore most people
should rely on the church for knowledge.
21Augustines Beliefs
- Augustine used Greek writings but began to have
doubts how people who did not know God could
write anything which could be of value to
Christians. - In 401 the Church outlawed pagan writings such as
Plato and Aristotle (even the church leaders were
not allowed to read the ancient literature).
This continued for 1000 years.
22The Church and Idealism
- Idealism has exerted a great amount of influence
on Christianity. - For centuries the Christian church was the
creator and protector of schooling. - Generations educated in these schools were
indoctrinated with the idealistpoint of view
(including early American education).
23Descartes (1596-1650)
- A renown mathematician
- Wrestled with the question of what was real and
did he really exist (perhaps he was a dream). He
finally concluded - I think, therefore I am
- Thinking and ideas are the ultimate truth.
24George Berkeley (1685-1753)
- Existence is dependent upon some mind to know it,
and if there are no minds, nothing would exist
unless it is perceived in the mind of God.
25Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
- the greatest and most difficult problem to
which a man can devote himself is the problem of
education - Education should teach students how to think
according to principles - moral laws, moral
ideals and moral imperatives - Enlightenment is the goal of education
26The Idealist and the Chair
- To an idealist, the concept of chair is
important. You could destroy all the chairs in
the world but they would still exist in the mind.
The idea of a chair is the ultimate truth.
27Realism
28Realism
- Reality, knowledge and value exist independent of
the human mind. Trees, sticks and stones exist
whether or not there is a human mind to perceive
them. - Ideas must be subject to public verification
- must be proven through scientific experimentation
- Science for the sake of science
29Realism
- Universal properties of objects remain constant
and never change, whereas particular components
do change - Need to study nature systematically
- Deductive reasoning - truth is derived from
generalizations - Earth is the center of the universe
30Leaders of Realism
- Aristotle (384-322 BC)
- Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
- John Locke (1632-1704)
31Aristotle (384-322 BC)
- Ideas may be important but a proper study of
matter could lead us to better and more distinct
ideas. - Golden Mean - a path between extremes
- Balance is key - body and mind operate together
in a balanced whole
32Aquinas (1225-1274)
- God created matter therefore it must be ok to
learn about it - This view helped lead civilization out of the
dark ages, replaced the influence of Augustine
33Aquinas
- Truth was passed from God to Humans by divine
revelation, but God alsohas endowed humans
withthe reasoning ability toseek out truth.
34Bacon (1561-1626)
- Novum Organum - challenged Aristotelian logic
- Science must be concerned with inquiry, pure and
simple with no preconceived notions - We need to examine all previously accepted
knowledge
35Bacon (1561-1626)
- Need to rid our mind of idols
- Idol of the Den - we believe things because of
limited experience - Idol of the Tribe - we believe things because
many people believe them - Idol of the Marketplace - we are misled by
language - Idol of the Theatre - Religion and philosophy may
prevent us from seeing the world objectively
36Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
- Known as the father of inductive
reasoning--important logical form - (arrive at generalizations from systematic
observations of particulars) - Died as a result of the only experiment he
performed - stuffed a dead chicken with snow to
see if it would preserve the flesh, caught a cold
and died
37John Locke (1632-1704)
- At birth, the mind is a blank sheet of paper - a
tabula rasa - All ideas are derived from experience by way of
sensation and reflection
38The Realist and the Chair
- To a realist, the actuality of chair is
important. A realist would measure the chair,
weigh it, examine the physical characteristics,
etc. The fact that the chair exists is the
ultimate truth.
39Pragmatism
40Pragmatism
- The root of the word Pragmatism is a Greek word
meaning work. - It is primarily a 20th century philosophy
developed by Americans. - Truth is what works in the real world. We must
keep the desired end in mind. - Ideas should be applied to solving problems
including social problems.
41Leaders in Pragmatism
- Auguste Comte, 1798-1857
- Not a pragmatist but emphasized using science to
solve social problems
42Leaders in Pragmatism
- Charles Darwin, 1809-1882
- Reality is not found in Being, but in Becoming
- Reality is open-ended, in process, with no fixed
end.
43American Pragmatists
- Charles Sanders Pierce, 1839-1914
- Widely acknowledged as the father of pragmatism
- Wrote an article on How to make our Ideas Clear
in Popular Science Monthly that is regarded as
the basis for pragmatism. - True knowledge of anything depends upon
verification of our ideas in actual experience
44American Pragmatists
- William James, 1842-1910
- The truth of an idea is its workability
- Truth is not absolute and immutable rather it is
made in actual, real-life - James called his philosophy radical empiricism
- Jamess 1907 book Pragmatism did much to
promote pragmatism. - Rufus Stimson, a leader in agricultural
education, studied under James.
45American Pragmatists
- John Dewey, 1859-1952
- Need to concentrate on real-life problems
- Sought practical solutions for practical problems
- How We Think
- Felt Difficulty
- Define the problem
- Formulate possible solutions
- Examine Evaluate possible solutions
- Accept or reject solutions
46The Pragmatist and the Chair
- To a pragmatist, the use of the chair is
important. What is the purpose of the chair and
does it fulfil that purpose? The workability of
a chair is the ultimate truth.
47Reconstructionism
48Reconstructionism
- Society is in need of constant reconstruction
- Such social change involves both a reconstruction
of education and the use of education in
reconstructing society - Problems are viewed holistically
- Futuristic thinking (utopian thinking)
49Reconstructionism
- Do not believe preparing students for the world
as it exists today will be sufficient (too much
emphasis on the status quo)
50Reconstuctionists want to
- link thought with action
- theory with practice
- intellect with activism
51Noted Reconstructionists
- George S. Counts
- Theodore Brameld
- Paole Freire
- Karl Marx
- Ivan Illich
- John Dewey (he is also recognized as a
pragmatist)
52The Reconstructionist and the Chair
- To a reconstructionist, the redesign of the
chair to better serve the needs of society is
important. How can the chair be improved to
prepare society for the future?
53Existentialism
54Existentialism
- Received new emphasis in the 60s and 70s
- Civil rights
- Women rights
- Individual rights
- Special needs
55Existentialism
- Traditional philosophies consider questions about
the nature of knowledge, truth and meaning but - Existentialists are concerned with how these
things are significant within the lived
experiences of individuals.
56Noted Existentialists
- Soren Kierkegaard
- Martin Heidigger
- Martin Buber
- Jean-Paul Sartre
- Fredrich Neitzche
57The Existentialist and the Chair
- To an existentialist, the individuals use of
chair is important. Whatever the individual
wants to do with the chair is important. The
experience of the individual with the chair is
the ultimate truth.
58Match the philosophyto the image
- Idealism
- Realism
- Pragmatism
- Reconstructionism
- Existentialism