Protestant Reformation

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Protestant Reformation Catholic
Counter-Reformation

• Global History I Spiconardi

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The Causes

• Renaissance Thinking
• Emphasis on the secular and individual over the
  religious and spiritual
• Rulers no longer recognized papal supremacy
• Merchants resented paying taxes to Rome (the
  Church)

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Problems within the Church

• The Papacy
• Amassed great personal wealth
• Many disavowed celibacy had mistresses and
  illegitimate children
• More concerned with political than spiritual
• Nepotism ? popes made nephews cardinals

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Martin Luther

• The Ninety-fiveTheses
• Pamphlet nailed to churchs doors in Wittenberg,
  Germany
• Criticized churches sale of indulgences
• Indulgences ?a remission of the temporal
  punishment due to sin
• Luther believed this a fraud and indulgences were
  being used inappropriately

Who does he look like?
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Martin Luthers Beliefs

• One could gain salvation through Gods grace
  alone
• Good works do not make a good man, but a good
  man does good works
• All teachings should be based on the Bible
• People should have access to the Bible
• Rejected transubstantiation
• Transubstantiation ? belief Christ was present in
  the Eucharist
• Priests should marry not wear ornate vestments

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Churchs Reaction to Luther

• Crazy, fat, German, barbaric Monk

Turn this woodcut upside down.
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Churchs Reaction to Luther

• Crazy, fat, German, barbaric Monk

What do you see? What is the Churchs opinion of
Luther?
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Churchs Reaction to Luther

• Church realizes Luther is no joking matter
• Leo X
• Medici Pope
• Luther must recant or face excommunication
• Luther refuses to recant and is excommunicated

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Charles V and the Diet of Worms

• Charles V
• Holy Roman Emperor and defender of Catholicism
• Places Luther on trial
• Guilty of heresy
• Luther is branded an outlaw
• No one may shelter or feed Luther

Whats up with his lower jaw chin?
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Impact of Luther

• Ideas spread across northern Europe thanks to the
  printing press
• Encourages followers called PROTESTANTS
• New sect of Christianity called Lutheranism is
  established
• Bible begins to be translated in the vulgate
  (common language)
• War b/t Holy Roman Empire and Protestants

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Calvinism

• John Calvin
• First born again
• Beliefs
• All humans are sinful by nature
• Predestination ? determine ahead of time what the
  destiny of groups and individuals will be.
• God already knows who is going to Heaven

• Creates a theocracy in Switzerland
• No bright clothes or games/dancing

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Henry VIII

• Wants an annulment from wife because she did not
  provide him with a son.
• Pope denies request
• Has parliament pass laws, which make him the head
  of the Church of England (Anglican Church)

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Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation

• Weakened by the Protestant Reformation, the
  Church decides to make reforms
• Attempt to regain power and influence
• Council of Trent 1545-1563 (Pope Paul III)
• Churches interpretation of Bible is final
• Need both faith in God and good works to gain
  salvation
• Indulgences are okay, but not the misuse of them
• Seminaries opened to properly train priests

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Ignatius Loyola The Jesuits

• Goals
• Spread Catholicism
• Open schools to prevent conversion to
  Protestantism
• Missions to convert non-Christians in Asia,
  Africa, and the Americas
• Fordham, Boston College, Georgetown

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Renaissance Popes Vatican

• Church used from indulgences to finance a new
  Holy See
• This would demonstrate the Churchs power and
  prestige

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St. Peters Basilica
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Inside St. Peters

• St. Peters Dome Sunlight

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Reformation/Counter-Reformation

• Michelangelos La Pietá
• 7 different versions were created
• Desecrated by madman with a hammer

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Sistine Chapel

• Sistine Chapel Ceiling
• Michelangelo pressured by Pope Julius II
• Caused deformities of Michelangelos back
• Tells the story of the Bible

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Sistine Chapel Creation
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Sistine Chapel Last Judgment

• Last Judgement
• Whats going on in the lower right corner?

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Sistine Chapel Last Judgment
Biagio da Cesena, a papal Master of Ceremonies
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Effects of the Reformation

• End of religious unity in Western Europe
• New sects of Christianity
• Religious Conflict and Wars
• Persecution of Huguenots in France
• Civil War/Political upheaval in England
• Inquisition ? Church conducts trial of
  heretics persecutes non-Catholics
• Rise of anti-Semitism
• Church/Pope loses influence/power