Happy Thursday!!!

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Happy Thursday!!!

• Turn in vocab and pick up an agenda on the stand
  in the front
• Did you know The tombstone of Mel Blanc, the
  famous voice of cartoon characters Bugs Bunny,
  Sylvester the Cat, Tweety Bird and Porky Pig,
  reads Thats all folks.

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Cold War

• Origins

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Origins

• The Cold War lasted from the end of WWII until
  the collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1991
• The US and Soviet Union represented very
  different fundamental values
• The US represented democratic political
  institutions and a free market economic system
• Capitalism- private citizens control all economic
  activity
• The Soviet Union was a totalitarian government
  with a communist economic system
• The state controlled all property and economic
  activity

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What is a cold war?

• A war fought using methods that are short of
  actual fighting
• Arms race- US and USSR built large military
  forces and nuclear weapons to scare each other
• Alliances- US and USSR created alliances to
  protect themselves and friends from attack
• Proxy wars- at times war broke out between a
  nations friendly to US and a nation friendly to
  USSR- each side sent money, supplies, troops
• Propaganda- each side created and spread
  information to influence world opinion

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Make mine freedom
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United Nations

• 50 nations- INCLUDING U.S.
• Charter resembled the League of Nations
• Initial successes
• Created Israel and preserve peace in the Middle
  East
• Guided former colonies to independence
• Set up a benefit organization (UNICEF)
• Failure- to control the use/build up of nuclear
  weapons

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Eastern Europe

• The Soviets faced a lot of death in WWII and for
  that they justified their claims to Eastern
  Europe
• Felt they could stop future invasions from the
  west
• Stalin installed communist govts in Albania,
  Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and
  Poland
• Called satellite nations
• Europe was now divided into 2 political regions
• Winston Churchill of Britain made a speech
  creating the phrase iron curtain
• Stood for the division of Europe

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Germany Divided

• West Germany- democratic and friendly with US
• East Germany- communist and friendly with USSR
• Berlin was divided as well
• West-democratic and capitalist
• East- communist and command economy

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The Truman Doctrine

• Containment of communism
• Guiding principle of American foreign policy
  throughout the Cold War
• Didnt want to roll it back but wanted to keep it
  from spreading and to resist communist aggression
  into other countries
• Truman asks Congress for 400 million in military
  aid for Greece and Turkey to fight communism
• Created alliances- most famous being NATO

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NATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Formed as a defense alliance among the US and
  western European countries (12 nations in total)
  to prevent a Soviet invasion of Western Europe
• an attack on 1 is an attack on all
• Soviet allies in the eastern Europe formed the
  Warsaw Pact
• for nearly 50 years both sides maintained large
  military forces facing each other in Europe

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Marshall Plan

• Western Europe was in chaos
• June 1947, Sec of State George Marshall proposed
  the US provide aid to all European nations
• Over the next 3 year, 16 countries receive about
  13 billion in aid

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Berlin Airlift

• Remember Berlin is split but is located right in
  the middle of USSR territory
• 1948- Stalin attempted to push the US, GB and FR
  out of Berlin by blocking rail and road traffic
  in and out.
• Thought W. Berlin would suffer from lack of
  supplies and eventually get absorbed into USSR
• US Air Force supplied West Berlin by air for a
  year forcing an end to the blockade
• Later the USSR built a wall around West Berlin
• prevent a US invasion of East Germany and to
  separate E and W Germany

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Communist Takeover in China

• Revolution in 1949 Nationalists v. Communists
• Communists win- Mao Zedong
• increased American fears of communist domination
  of most of the world
• The communist nations of China and the Soviet
  Union eventually became rivals for territory and
  diplomatic influence
• Later President Nixon exploited this in 1970s

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Korean War

• At the end of WWII, Korea split into
  pro-communist North and pro-democratic South
  along the 38th parallel
• North Korean forces attacked South Korea in 1950
• UN voted to help defend South Korea
• US forces made up 90 of UN force
• American involvement reflected the policy of
  containment of communism
• Us led forces under Douglas MacArthur
  counter-attacked North Korean forces
• China Sent 300,000 troops to help N. Korea

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Result of Korean War

• End in a stalemate at 38th parallel
• Success or failure?
• 1953- Armistice signed ending war
• 38th parallel line still divides North and South
  Korea
• Containment of communism successful
• US casualties 54,000 dead

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Happy Monday

• Pick up an agenda
• Start the SOL quiz on the back
• Take out cold war packet, I will come around and
  check that you have completed the first 3

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Cold War

• Cold War at home

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Post WWII America

• GI Bill- paid part of college tuition, a years
  worth of unemployment benefits, low interest
  loans
• Helped families get new homes in suburbs- cookie
  cutter towns
• Baby Boom- 40s-60s the birthrate in US soared-
  largest generation in the nations history

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Levittown
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Changing Roles

• Women were often reluctant to give up their
  independence after the war
• Most left their jobs and went back home however
• Women were homemakers and images were glorified
  by tv shows
• African-American veterans demanded more civil
  rights
• Truman attempted to expand civil rights but
  Congress shut it down
• Jackie Robinson 1947
• Dixiecrats- led by Strom Thurmond to protest
  Trumans efforts

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Medical advances

• Dr. Jonas Salk- developed a vaccine for polio
• Dr. Benjamin Spock- Common Sense Book of Baby and
  Child Care
• Advised parents not to spank or scold children
• Mothers need to be home

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Interstate Highway system

• After WWII Americans bought a lot of cars
• Suburban living required cars
• President Eisenhower authorized the building of a
  nationwide highway network
• In turn encouraged more development
• Long-haul trucking replacing need for railroads
• Disneyland opened in 1955

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Consumerism and Leisure

• People bought lots of stuff!!
• Washing machines, dishwashers, microwaves,
  freezers, televisions, tape recorders, record
  players, grills, pools, toys etc.
• Recreational activities-
• Fishing, bowling, boating, golf, baseball,
  basketball, football (on tv too!)

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Social conformity

• Fast food restaurants standardized what people
  ate
• Corporations didnt want individual thinkers
• Personality tests to make sure you fit in
• Idea was to not draw unwanted attention to
  yourself
• Everyone following the American Dream

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Subculture 1950s

• Beat movement- social and literary nonconformity
  of artists, poets and writers
• Went against conformity
• Rock n roll- heavy rhythm, simple melodies and
  lyrics
• Elvis, Chuck Berry, Little Richard
• Condemned by adults- lead to teenage delinquency

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Pop Culture

• TV was HUGE!
• People having TV in their house
• 1948-0.4, 1954- 55.7, 1958-83.2
• FCC-Federal Communication Commission to regulate
• Stereotypical portrayal of women and minorities

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Threat of Nuclear War

• The fear of communism and the threat of nuclear
  war affected American life throughout the Cold
  War
• US developed the Hydrogen bomb- more powerful
  than atomic bomb
• USSR developed one too!!
• US encouraged math and science programs in
  schools in order to get ahead of the Soviets
• During the 1950s and 1960s American schools
  regularly held drills to train children what to
  do in case of nuclear attacks
• duck and cover
• American citizens were urged by the govt to
  build bomb shelters in their basements

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Fear and Paranoia

• The Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the
  Communist take over in China fueled a fear that
  communism would spread around the world and to
  the US
• At the height of WWII, about 80,000 Americans
  claimed membership in the Communist Party
• People thought they had loyalty to USSR
• Loyalty Review Board- set up to investigate govt
  employees and dismiss those found to be disloyal
  to the US
• List of 91 subversive organizations was formed-
  membership in these groups were grounds for
  suspicion

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HUAC

• House Un-American Activities Committee
• Investigated Communist influence in the movie
  industry
• Believed the Communists were sneaking propaganda
  into films
• Hollywood Ten- group of actors that refused to
  testify- sent to prison
• Hollywood execs issued a blacklist- list of
  people condemned for having communist background
• Actors, writers, producers and directors (about
  500 in total)

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How to spot a communist

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vKQVXHlMvOoU

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Spies in the US

• Alger Hiss- accused of spying for the USSR
• Document found that were said to have been
  written by Hiss
• Convicted of perjury and sent to jail
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- accused of spying for
  the USSR
• When the USSR exploded their atomic bomb quickly,
  people thought that they were spying on the US
• Rosenbergs were activist in the American
  Communist Party
• Denied the charges and said they were being
  persecuted b/c they were Jewish
• Found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death

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Space Race

• 1957- the USSR launched Sputnik 1- satellite
• People thought it was used to either spy on the
  US or launch missiles at the US
• April 12, 1961- Soviet cosmonauts went into space
• Kennedy saw this as a challenge and set out to
  send a man to the moon
• July 20, 1969- Neil Armstrong took his first
  steps on the moon
• Universities expanded their science programs

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McCarthyism

• Republican from Wisconsin
• Took advantage of peoples concerns about
  communism
• Recklessly accused many American govt officials
  and citizens of being communist
• Based these accusations on flimsy or no evidence
• Led to the term McCarthyism- making of false
  accusations based on rumor or guilt by
  association
• 1954, McCarthy made accusations against the Us
  Army which resulted in a nationally televised
  Senate investigation
• McCarthy bullied the witnesses and alienated the
  audience

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The Cold War in Virginia

• The heavy military expenditures throughout the
  Cold War benefited Virginias economy
  proportionately more than any other state
• Hampton Roads was home to several large naval and
  air bases
• Northern Virginia- home to the Pentagon and
  numerous private companies that contracted with
  the military

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Election of 1960

• John F. Kennedy (D) vs. Richard Nixon (R)
• TV played a huge role in election
• First televised debate- favored Kennedy
• Kennedys inaugural address- rally the US
• US would pay any price, bear any burden, meet an
  hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in
  order to assure the survival and the success of
  liberty
• ask not what your country can do for you ask
  what you can do for your country

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Happy Wednesday!!

• Take out your cold war packet so I can check them
• Pick up an agenda on the stand in the front and
  do the SOL quiz on the back
• Did you know Pat Sajak, Host of Wheel of Fortune
  is a Vietnam Veteran

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Cold War

• Cuba and Vietnam

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Castro and Cuba

• Fidel Castro led a communist revolution that took
  over Cuba in 1959
• Relied on support and aid from USSR
• Many Cubans fled to Florida
• Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)- failed attempt to
  overthrow Castro by Cuban exiles that had been
  trained by CIA
• Kennedy accepted blame for the failure-humiliating
  defeat for the US

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13 Days of Terror

• In 1962, the USSR stationed missiles in Cuba-
  Cuban Missile Crises
• Nikita Khrushchev (USSR) gave Castro missiles
• US spy planes (U2) photographed these missiles
• President Kennedy ordered the Soviets to remove
  their missiles
• 13 days, US and USSR on brink of nuclear war
• Naval confrontation resulted in the USSR backing
  down
• We are eyeball to eyeball, and the other fellow
  just blinked.- Dean Rusk (Sec. of State)
• Resolution- USSR removed missiles in exchange for
  US pledge not to invade Cuba

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Vietnam

• American involvement in Vietnam reflected the
  policy of containment
• US provided France with economic and military
  support to keep control of Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh communist leader of North Vietnam
  who wanted to unite all of Vietnam under
  communist rule
• DOMINO THEORY- Eisenhower believed that if one
  country in SE Asia fell to communism, other would
  follow- like dominoes
• Dien Bien Phu (1954)- N. Vietnamese forces
  defeated French- Vietnam divided-
  North-Communist, South- anticommunist

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US Involvement in Vietnam

• When France left Vietnam, the US continued to
  provide economic and military support to S.
  Vietnam to resist the spread of communism
• Vietcong (procommunist S. Vietnamese fighters)
• Ho Chi Minh Trail- supply route through Laos and
  Cambodia along which the Vietcong received
  weapons and supplies from N. Vietnam
• Kennedy sent US military advisers to train S.
  Vietnamese army
• Assassinated in Dallas, TX by Lee Harvey Oswald
  in Nov. 1963
• Shakes the nations confidence and begins a
  period of internal strife and divisiveness
  especially over Vietnam

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American military build-up

• Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) agreed with JFK that a
  communist takeover in S. Vietnam would be a
  disaster
• Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964) granted LBJ broad
  military power in Vietnam to escalate the
  conflict (but no official war declaration)
• Led to increased military buildup of operations
• the scale of conflict grew larger over the course
  of the 1960s
• American military forces repeatedly defeated the
  N. Vietnamese forces in the field, but couldnt
  force an end on favorable terms

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Escalation

• Pleiku (1965) Vietcongs attack US air base. US
  steps up bombing raids and use land troops for
  the first time
• Operation Rolling Thunder (1965) full scale
  bombing attacks- obvious escalation of war
• Tet Offensive (1968) Jan. 30- the Vietcong
  launched an attack on over 100 towns and cities
  in S. Vietnam and 12 US air bases
• Lasted for about a month
• American public increasingly turned against the
  war

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American strategy

• In March of 1965, Johnson began dispatching tens
  of thousands of US soldiers to fight in Vietnam
• The draft was implemented to increase troops
• Vietcong used hit-and run -tactics
• Lived amongst civilians so it was hard for the US
  to know who was on their side and who wasnt
• Also built elaborate tunnels so they can
  withstand air raids
• American strategy was the wear down the enemy by
  continuing harassment
• Another strategy was to keep the Vietcong from
  winning support from S. Vietnams rural
  population
• Green Berets (US Army Special Forces) sent in to
  win the people over
• US dropped napalm (a gasoline-based bomb) and
  Agent Orange (a leaf killing toxic chemical) to
  expose the tunnels and hideouts

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Reactions to President Johnson

• LBJs popularity plummeted after the Tet
  offensive
• In public opinion polls taken at the end of Feb
  1968 showed nearly 60 of Americans disapproved
  of his handling of the war
• LBJ decides not to run in election of 1968

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Discontent at home

• Vietnam became Americas first living room war
• Combat footage appeared nightly on the news
• Thousands of men attempted to find ways around
  the draft
• Medical exemptions, college deferment
• Many African-Americans fought in the war b/c it
  was harder for them to dodge the draft
• Those who opposed the war but couldnt dodge the
  draft often resorted to alcohol and drug use
  while in Vietnam

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Country divided

• Those who opposed the war were known as doves,
  those who supported US involvement were called
  hawks
• Free Speech Movement (FSM) and Students for a
  Democratic Society (SDS) spread to college
  campuses
• Protests were held on a number of college
  campuses as well as in cities like Washington DC
• Encouraged people to burn their draft cards

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Counterculture

• A movement made up mostly of white middle-class
  college youths who had grown disillusioned with
  the war in Vietnam and injustices in America
• Hippie era, AKA Age of Aquarius
• Made a lasting impression in art and music
• Andy Warhol- criticized the cookie cutter
  lifestyle
• Woodstock
• Conservative Response- revolutionary terrorism
  was a threat on campuses and cities
• Helped propel Nixon into office

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Nixon and Vietnamization

• Nixon wins the election of 1968
• Campaigned on a promise to restore law and order
• Also promised to end the war
• Summer 1969, Nixon announces the first US troop
  withdrawals
• War continued against N. Vietnam
• Vietnamization- gradual withdrawal of US troops
  in order for S. Vietnamese to take over more
  active combat roles

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Mishandling of the war

• My Lai massacre (1969) Americans found out that
  a US platoon killed innocent civilians in My Lai
• People were outraged!

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Cambodia

• By 1970 it seemed like the war was winding down
• April 30, 1970, Nixon announced that US troops
  had invaded Cambodia to clear out Vietcong supply
  centers
• Had not notified Congress
• Congress passed the War Powers Act the president
  must report to Congress within 24 hours after
  committing troops to a foreign conflict, or
  enlarging American combat units in foreign
  nations
• College students burst into protest
• Closed down some 1,200 campuses

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Kent State

• Kent State University in Ohio
• Massive student protest led to the burning of the
  ROTC building
• The local mayor called in the National Guard
• May 4, 1970, the Guards fired into a crowd of
  protesters
• Wounded 9 and killed 4 (2 weren't even involved)

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Result of Vietnamization

• Ultimately Vietnamization failed when South
  Vietnamese troops proved unable to resist
  invasions by the Soviet- supplied North
  Vietnamese Army
• In 1975, both North and South Vietnam were merged
  under communist control

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Legacy of War

• Demonstrated power of the American public
• Casualties- 58,000 killed, 303,000 wounded
• 15 with PTSD
• Unlike WWII veterans who returned to a grateful
  and supportive nation, Vietnam vets returned to
  often face indifference or outright hostility
  from some who opposed the war

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Happy Friday!

• Turn in your Vietnam song wordle
• Pick up an agenda and start on the SOL quiz

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Cold War

• Cold War Ends

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Lets hop in our DeLorean and flash forward to
the 1980s!
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Internal Problems for USSR

• Increasing soviet military expenses to compete
  with the US
• USSR had trouble keeping up with the U.S., didnt
  have enough money
• Economic inefficiency that led to stagnation and
  recession

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New Policies

• Mikhail Gorbachev- general secretary of the
  Communist Party in the USSR
• Glasnost (openness)- allowed for open criticism
  of the government and took steps towards freedom
  of the press
• perestroika (economic restructuring)-less
  government control of the economy
• Allowed for some private enterprise
• Took steps for establishing a democratic govt in
  USSR
• Significance- revealed the communist system was
  failing
• Rising nationalism in Soviet republics resulted
• 14 non-Russian republics declared independence in
  1991

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External Pressures from Reagan

• President Ronald Reagans policies increased
  pressure on the USSR that contributed to its
  collapse
• Increased military spending that USSR couldnt
  match
• Example SDI (aka Star Wars)- missile defense
  shield
• Challenged moral legitimacy of the USSR
• Example Speech at Berlin Wall- Mr. Gorbechev,
  tear down this wall
• Berlin Wall torn down in Nov. 1989

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Cold War Legacy in US

• During the Cold War era, millions of Americans
  served in the military to defend freedom in wars
  and conflicts that werent always popular
• As a result the US and American ideals of
  democracy and freedom ultimately prevailed in the
  Cold War struggle with the Soviet Unions
  communist system

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The Reagan Revolution

• Election of 1980- Ronald Reagan (R) v. Jimmy
  Carter (D)
• Reagan Revolution- term used to describe the
  shift to a more conservative path during
  President Reagans time in office
• Redefining of federalism more power to the
  states, less power to the national government

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Reagan and the Supreme Court

• Made appointments of conservative federal judges
  and supreme court justices who exercised
  judicial restraint
• Sandra Day OConnor- first woman to be appointed
  to the Supreme Court

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Reagans influence

• Extends beyond his time in office
• 1988- Reagans VP, George H.W. Bush was elected
  president
• 1994- Republican candidates dominated
  congressional elections
• 2000- election of George W. Bush

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Reaganomics

• Definition- President Reagans economic policies
  that included
• Budget cuts- reduction in number and scope of
  government

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Flash forward to the 1980s!

• March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became general
  secretary of the Communist Party in the Soviet
  Union
• Advocated a policy known as glasnost
  (openness)- allowed open criticism of the
  soviet govt and took steps towards freedom of
  press
• In 1987- outlined perestrokia- reconstructing
  Soviet society
• Less govt control of economy, some private
  enterprise, and steps towards democracy

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President Ronald Reagan

• Reagan challenged moral legitimacy of the Soviet
  Union
• Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!
• Referring to the Berlin Wall in Germany
• Reagan increased the US military and economic
  pressures on the Soviet Union
• The Cold War officially ends in 1990