European Timeline

1
European Timeline
1450-2000
2

• Donatello
• Father of Renaissance sculpture
• Most famous for the bronze statue David the first
  free-standing nude in Europe since Roman times

• Brunelleschi
• First major architect of the Italian Renaissance
• Designed the church of San Lorenzo

3

• Lorenzo Valla
• Wrote On Pleasure
• Exposed as a forgery the Donation of Constantine
• Known as the father of modern historical
  criticism

• Machiavelli
• Most important political writer during the
  Renaissance
• Wrote The Prince, which rejected the traditional
  Christian view
• A ruler must be willing to be ruthless to be
  successful end justifies the mean

4

• Pico della Mirandola
• Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man

• Castiglione
• Wrote The Book of the Courtier
• A gentlemen should be well-rounded, know several
  languages, be athletic, and polite

5

• Leonardo da Vinci
• First Italian painter to use oil
• Painted Mona Lisa and Last Supper
• He dealt with mostly religious themes but in
  secular manner

• Michelangelo
• Painter and sculpture
• Painted the frescoes on the Sistine Chapel for
  Pope Julius II
• Sculpted Pieta and Moses

6
1450

• Movable Printing Press
• Developed by Johannes Gutenberg
• Spread ideas of Renaissance and humanistic
  literature to the rest of Europe
• 1456 Gutenberg Bible

7
1453

• Charles VII revives France and monarchy
• Organized Frances first standing army
• By 1453, he had expelled English out of all of
  France except Calais
• Ottomans capture Constantinople

8
1454

• Peace of LodiFlorence, Milan, and Venice sign
  alliance to create new order in Northern Italy

9
The Medici

• Medici Family
• Held power in Florence Italy
• Height of Florence

10
1469

• Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
  Castile unites Spain

11
1479

• Pazzi ConspiracyUnsuccessful attempt in Florence
  to overthrow the Medici

12
1461-1483

• Louis XI ruled France
• Known as the Spider King
• Promoted new industry, welcomed foreign
  craftsmen, increased taxes in order to improve
  military

13
1485

• The end of the War of the Roses
• English Civil War between York house and the
  Lancaster house
• York (white) and Lancaster (Red)
• Henry VII become first Tudor monarch New
  monarch

14
Portuguese Exploration

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Established sailing and navigation school at
  Sagres
• Responsible for the growth of the Portugal
  colonial empire
• Bartholomew Diaz - Portuguese sea captain and
  explorer
• In 1487 became the first European to see Cape of
  Good Hope and to round southern tip of Africa

15
Portuguese Exploration

• Helped find southeastern water route to Asia
• 1497-9 Vasco da Gama sailed in India
• In 1500 Pedro Cabral sent to India but blown off
  course
• Sighted Brazil and claimed it for Portugal

16
1492

• Ferdinand of Argon and Isabella of Castile
  married and unified Spain
• Reconquista
• Expulsion of Moors and Jews from Spainled to
  economic decline because no middle class
• Christopher Columbus went out looking for new
  route to India, but instead reached the New
  World or the Americas
• Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

17

• Pope Alexander VI
• Corrupt Spanish Pope
• Aided militarily by his son, Cesare Borgia
• Successfully recovered papal authority in the
  papal lands

18

• In Florence the Dominican friar Girolamo
  Savonarola
• Attacked paganism and moral vice of Florence
  under Medici rule
• Attacked undemocratic government and corruption
  of Pope Alexander VI

19
1494

• Treaty of Tordesillas
• The new world, or the Americas, was divided by
  the line of demarcation between Spain and
  Portugal
• Decided by Pope Leo VI
• Invasion of Italy by King Charles VIII of France
• Medici driven from power
• French welcomed by Savonarola

20
1496

• John Cabot
• Italian navigator
• Explored off the coast of New England, Nova
  Scotia,
• and Newfoundland
• Gave England claim to North America

21
1498

• Savonarola burned at the stake in Florence

22

• 1500s known as the cinquecentro
• 1500-1527 High Renaissance
• 1503-1513 Julius II is pope Julius II was
  responsible for much of the artwork accumulated
  by the Roman Catholic Church in the Vatican and
  elsewhere. He commissioned Michelangelo to paint
  the Sistine Chapel
• 1506 Julius II begins work on Saint Peters
  Basilica
• 1509 Erasmus publishes Praise of Folly a plea
  for Christian morality
• 1509 Henry VIII becomes King of England

23
1512

• 1512 Lateran Council meets to reform the
  Church Start of the Reformation
• 1512- Medici overthrow the Republic in Florence

24
1513

• 1513 Balboa discovers the Pacific
• 1513 The Prince written by Machiavelli
• 1513-1521 Pope Leo X is pope

25

• 1516 Thomas More publishes Utopia
• 1516- Concordat of BolognaEstablished royal
  control over church appointments
• 1517 Luther posts 95 theses on Wittenberg
  Castle
• 1519-1522 Charles V commissioned Magellans
  crew circumnavigates the earth
• 1519 Leonardo da Vinci dies
• 1519 Charles V universal monarch becomes Holy
  Roman Emperor
• 1520 Luther publishes Appeal to the Christian
  Nobility of the German Nation
• 1520- Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X

26
1521

• Edict of Worms declared Luther a heretic
• Henry VIII writes the Defense of the Seven
  Sacraments, attacking Luther
• Start of the Hapsburg Valois wars
• Diet of Worms called by Charles V, puts Luther on
  trial Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise

27

• 1524-1525 Peasants revolt in Germany
• 1526- Turks defeat the Hungarians at the Battle
  of Mohács

28
1527

• Machiavelli dies
• Charles V sacks RomeHenry VIII is thus unable to
  get Pope Clement VII to give him a divorce from
  Catherine of Aragon a relative of Charles V
• End of Renaissance in Italy

29

• 1528 Castiglione publishes The Book of the
  Courtier
• 1529 Colloquy of Marburg summoned to unite
  Protestant opinion failed

30

• 1529 The Turks besieged Vienna
• 1529- Diet of Speyer Charles V makes Anabaptism
  punishable by drowning
• 1530- Augsburg Confessions doctrinal basis for
  Lutheranism
• 1531- Formation of the Schmalkaldic Leaguea
  defensive alliance by the Protestant German
  princes
• 1531- Battle of Kappel Zwingli killed
• 1533 Henry VIII issues the Act in Restraint of
  Appeals King sovereign in England forbade
  judicial appeals to the papacy

31
1534

• Henry VIII issues Act of Submission of the Clergy
  required churchmen to submit to the king
• Henry VIII issues Act of Supremacy king supreme
  head of the Church of England
• Henry VIII issues Act of Succession all
  subjects must swear oath of loyalty to the king
• Rabelais published Gargantua and Pantagruel

32

• 1535- Thomas More executed
• 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace massive multiclass
  rebellion against Henrican religious policies
  brutally suppressed
• 1536- Ten Articles established the doctrine for
  the Church of England (basically Lutheran)

33

• 1536 Institutes of Christian Religion published
  by Calvin
• 1540 Society of Jesus, Jesuits, founded by
  Ignatius of Loyola
• 1541 John Calvin begins theocracy in Geneva,
  Switzerland
• 1542 Roman Inquisition
• 1542 Catholic Church publishes Index of
  Prohibited Books
• 1543 Copernicus publishes On Revolutions of
  Heavenly Spheres the year he died to avoid
  persecution by the Catholic Church

34

• 1545-1563 Council of Trent called by Pope Paul
  III to suggest reforms of the Catholic Church
  End of Reformation
• 1547 Miguel de Cervantes born author of Don
  Quixote a story that criticized the Spanish
  government for their negligence
• 1548 Ignatius Loyola publishes Spiritual
  Exercises
• 1549 Thomas Cranmers Book of Common Prayer
  published
• 1550 Start of Baroque movement period of
  elaborate art, which was present in many Catholic
  churches and institutions art Rubens The
  Horrors of War music - Bach

35
1550-1700

• This period of time was known as the Baroque
  Movement
• Emotional, exuberant art
• Emphasized dramatic, curving forms, elaborate
  ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate
  parts
• Developed with exceptional vigor in Catholic
  countriesSpain, Latin America, Austria, southern
  Germany, Poland

36
1555

• Peace of Augsburg(cuius regio, eius religio)

37
1556

• After the abdication of Charles V, his son Philip
  II became King of Spain in 1556
• Marriage was only considered a political alliance
  to him
• Queen Mary I of England
• Elisabeth of Valois, the daughter of Henri I of
  France
• Anne, the daughter of emperor Maximilian II
• Declared himself the leader of the Counter
  Reformation
• Ignatius Loyola dies

38

• 1558 - death of Queen Mary of England
• The daughter of Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth I
  took the throne in England, succeeding her
  half-sister
• She was a politique
• She was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty

39
1559

• Act of Uniformity in England required the use of
  the Protestant Book of Common Prayer by Thomas
  Cranmer
• Philip II of Spain Henri II of France signed
  the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
• Henry II killed in joust Catherine de Medici
  becomes regent for Francis II
• It ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars with Spain as
  the victor
• It ended an era of dynastic wars so both
  countries could focus on wiping out Protestantism

40
1560-1660

• This period marked the height of the Great
  European Witch-Hunt
• The vast majority of witches were married or
  widowed women between the ages of fifty and
  seventy years old. They were usually crippled or
  bent with age, and with pockmarked skin.
• 3,229 witches were executed in southwestern
  Germany

41
1562-1598

• The War of Three Henrys was a French civil war
  for the throne between Henri of Navarre
  (Huguenot), Henri of Guise (Catholic), and Henri
  III of Valois (Catholic)

Navarre
Guise

• Henri of Navarre emerged victorious and became
  Henry IV of France

Valois
42
1571-1630

• Johannes Kepler expanded on the work of his
  mentor, Tycho Brahe
• Three famous laws of planetary motion
• While Copernicus speculated, Kepler proved his
  ideas mathematically

43
1564-1642

• Galileo Galilei challenged old ideas about motion
• He consolidated the experimental method
• Galileo formulated the law of inertia and
  provided astrological evidence for the Copernican
  theory
• Tried for heresy by the papal Inquisition and
  forced to recant his views

44
1572

• The wave of Catholic mob violence against the
  French Huguenots was known as St. Bartholomews
  Day Massacre
• It marked a turning point in the War of Three
  Henrys
• Several dozen Huguenot leaders were murdered in
  Paris

45
1579

• The Union of Utrecht unified the northern
  provinces of the Netherlands and formed a
  Protestant republic
• Foundation of the republic of the Seven United
  Netherlands
• Their independence was not formally recognized
  until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

46
1584-1613

• Following the death of Ivan the Terrible, Russia
  experienced a period of chaos and struggles
  known as the Time of Troubles
• In 1613 the nobles elected Michael Romanov,
  sixteen-year-old grandnephew of Ivan the
  Terrible, to be the tsar of Russia because they
  thought they could manipulate him

47
1587

• Mary, Queen of Scots was beheaded on charges of
  plotting against her first cousin, Elizabeth I
  (The Babington Plot)
• If Elizabeth were to die childless, the Catholic
  Mary would have become Queen of England

48
1588

• The Spanish Armada defeated by the English
• The Spanish ironically had called the fleet
  la felícissima armadaThe most fortunate fleet
• Prevented Philip II from imposing religious unity
  on Western Europe by force

49
1598

• The Edict of Nantes ended the War of Three
  Henrys
• Henry IV of France granted the French Huguenots
  liberty of conscience and worship
• The Huguenots were granted 150 places of safety,
  such as La Rochelle
• Its purpose was primarily to end the long-running
  French wars of religion restore peace
• Prepared the way for French absolutism in the
  seventeenth century by restoring internal unity

50

• 1602 - Chartering of Dutch East India Company
  reaped enormous wealth and allowed the
  Netherlands to dominate the European economy in
  1650
• 1603 Death of Elizabeth I and the end of the
  Tudor dynasty and the start of the Stuarts end
  of the northern Renaissance

51
1605

• The Gunpowder Plot - a desperate but failed
  attempt by a group of unsophisticated English
  Catholics to kill King James I of England, by
  blowing up the Houses of Parliament

52

• 1611 King James Version of the Bible first
  published in England
• 1613 An Assembly of the Russian Empire elects
  Mikhail Romanov to be the Tsar of Russia
  establishes the Romanov Dynasty

53
1614

• The French Estates General meets for the last
  time before the beginning of the French Revolution

54
1618-1648 Thirty Years War

• Four phases
• Bohemian - Defenestration of Prague starts war in
  Bohemia Protestant forces defeated
• Danish height of Catholic forces during the
  war Edict of Restitution (1629) emperor
  declared all church territories secularized since
  1552 to be restored to Catholic Church
• Swedish Protestants liberate territory lost in
  previous phase
• French International Phase political

55

• 1624-1643 Richelieu dominates French government
  during Louis XIIIs reign.
• Reshuffled the royal council, eliminated
  potential power brokers, crushed aristocratic
  conspiracies, used intendants
• 1625 Huguenots revolt in France
• 1625-1675 Golden Age of Dutch culture

56
1626 Charles I dissolves Parliament

• He came to the throne when Europe was moving
  towards control by all-powerful monarchs, such as
  Louis XIV. Charles would attempt to pursue
  similar policies but would be limited by a
  powerful parliamentary opposition.
• widespread opposition to many of Charles'
  actions
• use of the Court of the Star Chamber to suppress
  dissent
• taxation without the approval of Parliament
• a religious policy that was seen by the puritans
  as an attempt to bring the Anglican Church closer
  to Roman Catholicism

57
1628

• 1628 Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament
  and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession
  to gain his subsidies
• limited the power of Charles I of England
• could not declare martial law
• could not collect taxes
• could not imprison people without cause
• soldiers could not be housed without consent

58
1632

• Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World
  Systems is published

59
1640

• The English Long Parliament is summoned.
• called by Charles I after the Bishops Wars. It
  receives its name from the fact that it sat
  almost continuously during the English Civil War.
  The sole reason Charles reassembled Parliament
  was to ask it to pass finance bills, since the
  Bishops Wars had bankrupted him.
• 1640-1688 Frederick William, Elector of
  Brandenburg

60
1642-49 English Civil War

• Between the Royalists (supporters of Charles I of
  England) and the Parliamentarian supporters of
  the Long Parliament. 1648 Peace of Westphalia
  ended the Thirty Years' War and readjusted the
  religious and political affairs of Europe
• 1645 Cromwell creates The New Model Army
• 1649 Charles I executed

61
1648

• Start of the Fronde in France
• English Parliament finds Charles I guilty of
  treason, and sentences him to be executed
• Oliver Cromwell would soon become Lord Protector
  of England, a position which made him a virtual
  dictator

62
1648-1660 Fronde

• The Fronde in France
• series of outbreaks during the reign of King
  Louis XIV, caused by
• the efforts of the Parlement of Paris to limit
  the growing authority of the crown
• the personal ambitions of discontented nobles
• the grievances of the people against the
  financial burdens suffered under cardinals
  Richelieu and Mazarin

63
1650

• William III of Orange becomes Prince of the House
  of Orange in the Netherlands
• Netherlands is Protestant

64
1651

• Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher
  political theorist
• In Leviathan, he explains that sovereignty is
  derived from the people, who in turn transfer it
  to the monarchy
• He says the power of the ruler is absolute, but
  they do not have divine right
• Advocated absolutism - without it, there would be
  anarchy and chaos
• Parliament passes first Navigation ActGoods
  imported into England must be on English ships

65
Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652-1675

• Enforced by Oliver Cromwell said that British
  goods have to be carried on British ships
• Goal to hurt Dutch shipping
• Caused the rise of British Mercantilism crushed
  the Dutch shipping dynasty
• 1650-1790 Marked unprecedented growth of Atlantic
  Trade!

66
1658 Oliver Cromwell Dies So
The Restoration 1660

• The Restoration
• Charles II Brought Back to the Throne
• Parliament Restored Anglican Church
• 1670 Charles II Secretly Agrees With to Louis
  XIV to- ReCatholicize England - Declare
  himself Catholic (at the appropriate time)-Ease
  restrictions on Catholics

67
1660s

• 1663-1683 Colberts Mercantilism in France
• Created powerful merchant marine under Louis Xiv
  greatly aided the development of manufactured
  goods
• 1665 The Plague in GB
• Brought by fleas on black rats on ships
• 1666 Great Fire in GB
• Helped end the plague

68
Test Acts 1673

• People had to take the Eucharist or you would be
  limited from holding public office

69
1680s Start of Enlightenment

• 1682-1725 Rule of Peter the Great in Russia
• Westernization of Russia Built St. Petersburg
• 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau
• 1685 - Louis XIV Revoked the Edict of Nantes to
  ensure his complete unity of the state
• 1686 Fontenelle published Conversation on the
  Plurality of Worlds
• Attempt to make scientific revolution information
  witty expose a new audience to it
• 1687 Newtons Principia
• Describes laws of motion synthesizes everyones
  work previous to him

70
1685

• Charles IIs brother James becomes king of
  England
• Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes-ends
  religious toleration of the Huguenots

71
Glorious Revolution 1688

• James II sympathetic towards Catholics
• All of England Scared of a Catholic King
  possibility of Catholic Heir
• James Violated Test Act!!!
• Tories Parliamentary supporters of the king
• Whigs Parliamentary opponents of the king
• William of Orange James daughter Mary invited
  to take over
• No blood shed _at_ all GLORIOUS!!!
• James flees to France

72
1689

• William and Mary accept the Bill of Rights
• Affirms the rights of Parliament
• Anglicanism is the established Church of England
• Catholics prohibited from being on the throne

73
1690

• John Lockes Essays Concerning Human
  Understanding
• Tabula Rasa!!! blank slateexperience and
  exposure
• Second Treatise of Civil Government
• Life, liberty property

74
1700-1721

• Great Northern War
• Charles XII (Sweden)
• Peter the Great
• Ended by Treaty of Nystad
• Peter gained Baltic states window to the West

75
1701

• Tull invents the seed drill
• Turnips
• Brought agricultural revolution to England from
  the Netherlands
• Foundation of St. Petersburg
• Westernization of Russia by Peter the Great
• Influenced by Louis XIVs Versailles
• Act of Settlement in England
• Only Anglican could succeed to the throne of
  England
• After restoration
• Charles II king

76
1701-1713

• War of Spanish Succession
• Between England, Spain, and France
• Fought because of Louis XIVs relatives
  possibility of becoming the new Spanish King

77
1707

• Act of Union
• Unified Scotland and England
• English and Scottish Parliaments merged
• Became Great Britain

78
1712

• Savery and Newcomen invent steam pump
• Agricultural Revolution

79
1713

• Peace of Utrecht end of War of Spanish
  Succession
• Ended French expansion policies under Louis XIV
• Destroyed French economy
• Led to depopulation
• Weakened Louis XIV
• Britain biggest winner
• Got asiento from Spain
• Spain lost most of its possessions

80
Pragmatic Sanction 1713

• Pragmatic Sanction
• Maria Teresa- reduced serfdom- Joseph II

81
1715

• End of the reign of Louis XIV
• He was the most successful absolute ruler

82
1733

• Kay invented the flying shuttle
• Agricultural Revolution

83
1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession

• Prussia, France, Bavaria, and Spain vs. Austria
  and Russia
• Prussia took Silesia from Austria making it the
  most powerful German State great power
• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
• Ended War of Austrian Succession

84
1748

• Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Law
• Power checks power
• Influenced the American Revolution

85
1750

• Beginning of the Population explosion in Europe

86
1751

• First publication of the Encyclopedia by Diderot
  and dAlembert (published until 1765)

87
1756

• Start of the Seven Years War
• Diplomatic Revolution (Alliance of Britain and
  Prussia)

88
1762

• Rousseaus Social Contract
• Ascension of Catherine the Great

89
1765

• Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny
• Arkwright invents the water frame

90
1772

• 1st Partitioning of Poland by Catherine the Great
  of Russia, Maria Theresa of Austria, and
  Frederick of Prussia
• Poland lost one-third of territory and half of
  the population

91
1774

• 1773-4 Pugachevs Rebellion in Russia
• Death of Louis XV
• Ascension of Louis XVI

92
1776

• Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations
• Attacked mercantilism and advocated economic
  liberalism

93
1780

• Death of Maria Theresa
• Ascension of Joseph II of Austria
• (ish) Arkwright Steam engine to power looms

94
1781

• Enlightened despot Joseph II abolishes serfdom

95
1789

• Estates General called by Louis XVI
• Tennis Court Oath
• Declaration of the Right of Man
• 3rd Estate becomes the National Assembly
• Storming of the Bastille
• Women march to Versailles to demand action from
  Louis XVI

96
1791

• Olympe de Gourges The Rights of Women
• Legislative Assembly convenes
• Prussia and Austria issue the Declaration of
  Pillnitz
• Death of Mozart

97
1792

• Mary Wollstonecraft Declaration of the Rights of
  Woman
• Legislative Assembly declares war
• Legislative Assembly disbands
• National Convention formed
• France declared a Republic

98
1793

• 2nd Partitioning of Poland
• Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
• Louis XVI beheaded
• Mountain ousts the Girondins
• Committee of Public Safety formed
• Start of the Reign of Terror

99
1794

• Danton and Followers executed
• Marie Antoinette beheaded
• Thermidorean Reaction
• End of the Reign of Terror
• Robespierre executed
• Girondins readmitted
• Economic controls lifted ended control of
  sans-culottes
• Institution of the Revolutionary Calendar

100
1795

• 3rd and Final Partitioning of Poland
• Formation of the Directory

101
1799

• Coup détat Brumaire by Napoleon
• Formation of the Consulate Napoleon declared 1st
  Consul
• Combination Acts the British government
  prohibit the formation of unions

102
Napoleon ltfirst consul in 1799gt

• Concordant (1801) creates reconciliation between
  the church and government
• Louisiana Purchase (1803) allows France to
  concentrate on its European agenda
• Napoleonic Code (1804) system of rules and civil
  code
• Napoleon becomes the self proclaimed emperor of
  France (1804)

103
War efforts

• 1805 - Battle of Trafalgar Nelson of Britain
  destroys the French Navy and any chance of a
  French invasion
• 1805 - Battle of Austerlitz France defeats
  invading Russian Army
• Creation the Confederation of the Rhine and Grand
  Duchy of Warsaw establishes Napoleons European
  Power
• After failing to wipe out Britain with the
  continental system Napoleon comes to odds with
  Spain and touches off the Peninsula War
• 1807 - Treaty of Tilsit Between Russia and
  France. Keeps Russia out of European Conflict

104
End of Napoleon

• Grand Army in Russia (1812) French face defeat
  due to the harsh winter
• He is then defeated by a European Coalition and
  exiled to Elba, but shortly escapes. (Hundred
  Days)
• Waterloo (1815) Napoleon defeated by England and
  is exiled to St. Helena where he dies

105
Congress of Vienna

• From 1814-1815, major European powers were called
  together to decide what they should do with
  post-Napoleon Europe
• They decided to strengthen Frances border states
  in order to create a balance of power
• The leading speakers where Metternich (Austria),
  Talleyrand (France), and Castlereagh (England)

106
Liberalism

• 1819 Carlsbad Decree limited freedom of the
  press and prohibited fraternities in Germany

107
England

• 1807 Britain outlaws slave trade in its colonial
  trade possesions
• 1824-1825 Combination Acts repealed in London
  allowing the formation of unions
• 1825 First Railway in the world built in Great
  Britain
• 1834 Britain outlaws slave ownership in colonial
  possesions
• 1837 Queen Victoria comes to power marks the end
  of the industrial revolution

108
Ireland

• Irish potato famine (1845-1850)
• Potato crop ruined
• Massive starvation,
• Many people immigrated to England and America

109
Karl Marx

• Marx, who lived in Paris, was influenced by the
  French Utopian socialists but thought they were
  unscientific
• Believed capitalism was simply a stage of history
  marked by class struggles
• Marx developed the idea of scientific socialism
• The Communist Manifesto (1848) Written by Karl
  Marx and Freidrich Engels, introduces socialism
  attractive to many struggling European countries
• He who controls the means of production controls
  power

110
Revolutions of 1848

• February Rebellion in France overthrows the rule
  of Louis Philippe (1830-1848) and established the
  Second republic, ended with the creation of a
  republic where Napoleon the III was elected
  president

111
Revolutions of 1848

• Germany influenced by the French, the Germans
  revolt to create a unified, national government.
  After indecisiveness to agree on a national
  constitution by the provisional government, the
  old regime gains power again

112
Revolutions of 1848

• Italy After their revolt causes the Pope Pius IX
  to leave Italy, Mazzini is given the power to
  unify Italy, but could not due to the rigid
  individuality of city states

113
Revolutions of 1848

• Austria
• All the revolutions of 1848 FAILED!!!

114
Second Empire in France

• 1852-1871
• Emperor Napoleon III seizes power in December
  1851 via coup detat
• Disastrous Foreign Policy
• Liberal reforms to cover foreign policy
• Extended power of Legislative Assembly
• Ended by Franco-Prussian War

115
Third French Republic

• Adolphe Thiers- created National Assembly
• Paris Commune 1870-71, radical
• Chamber of Deputies- Nobles had power
• Gambetta- leading radical republican
• Ferry- secular education
• Boulanger Crises (1887-89)- leader against the
  republic committed suicide this weakened
  support for reforms, good for republicans
• Dreyfus Affair 1894, threat to republic, Emile
  Zola realist author, condemned military

116
Great Britain

• Lord Palmerston- dominant power from 1850-65
• Conservative party- from Tory Party
• Liberal Party- from Whig Party
• Mill- On Liberty (1859)
• Reform Bill of 1867- Disraelis leap in the
  Dark
• Reform Act of 1884- suffrage to adult males in
  some counties
• Fabian Society (1883)- advanced form of
  revisionist Marxism

117

Crimean War 1853-1856

• Dispute over privileges in Holy Land - Concert of
  Europe failed
• Turks negotiate with France
• Russian Czar Nicholas II threatened by
  negotiations
• Fighting between Russians and Turks
• Britain, France, and Piedmont join against Russia
• Concluded by Peace of Paris- Russians big losers
  _at_ conference

118
Austria-Hungary

• Ausgleich- 1867 this compromise made Austria
  into the Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Karl Luegar- Vienna mayor, anti-Semitism
• Magyars- integrated with Hungary

119
Unification of Italy 1859-1870

• Sardinia-Piedmont led way in unification under
  Count Cavour
• Cavour sought unity for Northern Italy
• Realpolitik Pragmatic and Machiavellian view of
  politics

120

• France agreed to support Sardinia if there was a
  war with Austria so Sardinia could establish a
  Northern Italian state
• France ignored agreement because didnt want to
  go to war with Prussia
• Sardinia got Lombardy
• 1860- Cavour annexes Parma, Modena, Romagna, and
  Tuscany
• Nice and Savoy transferred to France

121

• May 1860- Liberated Southern Italy and Sicily
  with support of his Red Shirts
• September 1860- took control of Naples and the
  Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• Allowed these territories to be annexed by Victor
  Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia Piedmont

122

• 1866- Venice included in Italian Kingdom due to
  agreement with Otto Van Bismarck
• 1871- Rome captured by Italian Troops
• Rome made capital of Italy
• Italian completes political unification
• Cultural gap between progressive, industrial
  North and Agrarian South

123
Otto Von Bismarck

• Bismarck-Imperial Chancellor Iron Chancellor
  dominated 1850-1900
• A member of the Prussian Junker aristocracy
• In 1862 he claimed that Prussia must use Blood
  and Iron

124
Schleswig-Holstein 1863

• Schleswig and Holstein were located south of
  Denmark
• The people were most German speaking, but ruled
  by the Danish king
• The Danish king annexed Schleswig
• Bismarck proposed an alliance with Austria
• Denmark quickly defeated in 1864
• Prussia would occupy SchleswigAustria would
  occupy Holstein

125
Austro-Prussian War 1866

• Bismarck made sure Russia, France, and Italy
  would remain neutral if there was a conflict with
  AustriaFrance agreed because they expected a
  long war and Austrian victoryItaly would gain
  possessions from AustriaRussia had gained the
  support of Bismarck in the suppression of the
  Russian peasants in 1863
• Prussia accused Austria of interfering in the
  affairs of Schleswig
• In the Seven Weeks War the Prussians soundly
  defeated the Austrians

126

• Bismarck wanted to be lenient towards Austria
  because he knew he would need their help against
  France
• 1866 Treaty of Praguea) Prussia get possession
  of Schleswig and Holsteinb) also gets some
  northern German statesc) Austria agreed to
  dissolution of the German Confederationd) Italy
  gained Venetia
• North German Confederation (1867) now dominated
  by Prussia
• In the south there were 4 independent states
• Prussia wanted the Catholic and liberal
  independent states

127
Franco-Prussian War 1870

• Ems Dispatch -Bismarck manipulated Napoleon III
  to declare war on Prussia
• French surrendered after the Battle of Sedan
• 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt Alsace-Lorraine to
  Germany(led to French resentment)
• January 18, 1871- German Unification complete
• William I- Crowned Emperor of Germany (Kaiser
  Wilhelm) at Versailles

128
The Three Emperors League 1872

• Designed by Bismarck to create stability
• William I of GermanyEmperor Francis Joseph of
  AustriaTsar Alexander II of Russia

129
Third French Republic

• Established in 1875 after downfall of Napoleon
  III
• Dominated by bourgeoisie
• Chamber of Deputies
• Universal Male Suffrage
• Leon Gambetta- led Republicans
• Jules Ferry- secular education
• Government fell multiple times

130
Russia

• Emancipation Act of 1861- Mirs
  Zemstvosabolished serfdom
• Intelligensia- nihilism- radical intellectuals of
  the socialist pool
• Alexander III Pogroms- anti-Semitism,
  Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification
• Herzel- Zionism- Jewish Holy Land

131
Emancipation Act 1861

• Alexander II very liberal
• 90 of Russians lived off the land
• Serfs freed, but many not impacted because of
  mirs, Russian communities

132
Suez Canal

• In the 1800s Egypt was an autonomous part of the
  Ottoman empire
• The French built the Suez Canal in 1869 to open
  the Mediterranean Sea to Indian Ocean
• Huge British Advantage
• Financial problems soon caused the Egyptians to
  sell part ownership to the British
• When riots broke out against the British the
  British navy bombarded Alexandria
• In 1882 Egypt became a British protectorate

133
Russo-Turkish War 1877-78

• Russia dreamed of controlling the Bosporus
• Russia supported Pan-Slavism, but under Russian
  control
• The Slavs in the Turkish empire used Russian
  support to cause problems for the Turks
• In 1877 Russia declared war on Turkey
• The British became involved to protect the Suez
  canal which was in Egypt (part of the Ottoman
  Empire)
• In 1878 Turkey was forced to sign the Treaty of
  San Stefano

134
Congress of Berlin 1878

• War between Britain and Russia looked inevitable
• Bismarck called for a Congress to meet in Berlin
• The Congress kept peace in Europe by carving up
  the Turkish Empire
• The Russians gave up the Treaty of San Stefano,
  but still won independence for the Serbs and
  Romanians
• Austria-Hungary was authorized to occupy and
  administer Bosnia
• Germany gained nothing, except European peace
• Bismarck was called the honest broker
• However Balkan nationalists were dissatisfied and
  this would be a cause of World War I in 1914

135
Africa

• Africa - Began in the 1870s
• Stanley and Livingstone

136

• Conference of Berlin 1875
• Called by Bismarck to establish rules for
  dividing Africa
• Germany Cameroon, Togo, southwest Africa, East
  Africa
• France Tunisia, Algeria, French West Africa
• Britain Egypt and Sudan
• Italy Libya
• Fashoda Crisis- Occurred when British and French
  armies met unexpectedly in Fashoda, Sudan

137
India

• India controlled by British jewel of the Empire
• Sepoy Mutiny 1857-1858
• Insurrection of Hindu Muslim soldiers
  defeated
• Indian National Congress 1885

138
China

• Sino-Japanese War
• China defeated by Japan
• Rush for protectorates and concessions
• Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan

139
China

• 1842 Opium War British annex Hong Kong
• Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) showed how weak China
  was and opened door for imperial nations
• Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and Russia all
  gained territory and control in east China
• Led to Boxer Rebellion of 1900 and end of Manchu
  Dynasty

140
Boxer Rebellion 1900

• Uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western
  encroachment
• Put down
• Led to end of Manchu Dynasty

141
Boer War 1899-1902

• Cecil Rhodes- Prime Minister of Cape Colony
• Discovery of diamonds and gold in Transvaal
• Area controlled by Boers (Dutch settlers)
• Kruger Telegram- Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulates
  Boers on victory over British

142
Imperialist Literature

• Rudyard Kipling, The White Mans Burden - Stated
  it was Westerners duty to civilize backwards
  peoples of Africa
• 1902 Joseph Conrad writes Heart of Darkness
• 1902 J.A. Hobson Imperialism A Study
  financiers were the power behind imperialism
• 1916 Lenin, Imperialism The Last Stage of
  Capitalism capitalism must expand to survive

143
Nationalism

• Loyalty felt to government
• Universal Male Suffrage common
• Welfare States in Germany, Britain, and France
• Conservatives often led governments
• Conservatives channeled patriotism into
  anti-liberalism
• Build up of militaries

144
The Balkans

• The Eastern Question who would control the
  Balkans?
• Russia wanted to retake and re-christianize the
  Balkans
• Gave rise to pan-slavism
• Defeated Ottoman Turks
• Negotiations mediated by Bismarck the honest
  broker
• Congress of Berlin 1871- Russia left

145

• 1904 Entente CordialeAn agreement against
  Germany by France and Great Britain. Great
  Britain gains Egypt and France gains Morocco

146
Russo-Japanese War 1904

• Start of the Russo Japanese War This imperialist
  war solidifies Japan as a world power
• Japan attacked Russian installation at Port
  Arthur
• Technology-advanced Japan defeated traditional
  Russia
• First time a major European power has been beaten
  and the first major war since 1870
• Weakens the myth of Russian power
• Cause of the Russian Revolution as Russia shifted
  attention back to Europe, especially the Balkans

147
Russian Revolution 1905

• Defeat by Japanese discredits Russia government
• March Revolution of 1905
• Bloody Sunday troops open fire on demonstrators
  led by Father Gapon
• Turns people against tsar in Russia
• 1905 October Manifesto, Nicholas II promiseda)
  constitutional reformsb) guarantees civil
  libertiesc) establish a Duma (elected
  parliament)
• 1906 Fundamental Laws The tsar limits the
  power of the Duma

148

• 1905 Einstein develops Theory of Relativity
• 1907 Anglo Russian TreatyA naval treaty to
  ensure the protection of Persia
• Military competition between England and Germany
• Britain develops the Dreadnought
• Moroccan Crisis

149

• 1914 Assassination of Franz FerdinandThis event
  sparks the powder keg
• 1914 World War I begins
• 1915 Lusitania Sunk by German U-boats.
• 1916 Battle of VerdunFrance defeats Germany

150

• 1916 Easter RisingAn attempt to overtake Dublin
  and end British rule in Ireland
• 1917 Zimmerman TelegramNote sent by German
  ambassador promising Mexico part of United
  States, and also used by USA as propaganda for war

151
Bolshevik Revolution 1917

• Bolshevik Revolution in RussiaThis ends the rule
  of the tsars
• Caused by military incompetence and hunger
• 1918 Treaty of Brest LitovskRussia drops out of
  WWI.

152
Treaty of Versailles 1919

• Germany loses Alsace and Lorraine, and Poland
  becomes an independent country

153

• 1922 End of Bolshevik Revolution and start of
  U.S.S.R. led by Lenin
• 1924 Dawes PlanAmerican Charles Dawes
  establishes system for Germany to pay reparations
• 1924 Stalin takes power after Lenin dies

154

• 1925 Locarno PactAgreements that secure post
  war territorial disputes
• 1926 English General StrikeStrike by trade
  unions in England

155

• 1928 The Five Year PlansIndustrial and
  agricultural plans in the U.S.S.R. establishing
  socialist policies
• 1929 Great Depression in USA hurts world
  economies

156
Adolph Hitler

• 1933 Reichstag FireGerman Parliament burns down
• 1933 Rise of Nazi Party in Germany
• 1935 Nuremburg LawsLead to persecution of Jews
  in Germany
• 1936 Start of Spanish Civil War
• 1936 Rome-Berlin AxisPact between Fascist Italy
  and Nazi Germany

157

• 1938 Munich Conference Neville Chamberlain of
  England appeases Germany and agrees to let Hitler
  invade Sudetenland
• Peace in our time
• 1939 End of Spanish Civil War

158
World War II

• 1939 Start of World War II in Europe to halt
  Nazi expansionism
• Causesa) failure of appeasementb) incomplete
  enforcement of Versaillesc) fear of Communismd)
  rising unemployment in Germanye) domestic
  problems caused by the Great Depression
• 1939 Russo German Nonaggression PactGermany
  promises not to invade Russia

159

• 1941 Lend-Lease beginsAllows for supplies to be
  sent to Allied forces from Americas
• 1941 Atlantic CharterDocument calls for no
  secret agreements, self determination, and free
  elections
• 1942-43 Battle of StalingradBattle proves to be
  turning point for the Eastern Front as the Red
  Army begins to push the Germans back out of
  Russia
• 1944 D-DayAllied Forces Invade German Occupied
  France and becomes largest naval invasion in
  history

160
1945

• Yalta ConferenceThe Big Three decide that Berlin
  and Germany is to be divided into 4 separate
  military zones
• Hitler commits suicide
• Franklin D. Roosevelt dies
• End of World War II
• Potsdam ConferenceStalin opposes free elections
  in Eastern Europe. The United Nations is
  established
• United Nations chartered

161
The Cold War

• 1946 Churchill delivers iron curtain speech at
  Fulton, Missouri
• 1947 Truman Doctrine helps fight Communism in
  Greece and Turkey
• 1947 Marshall PlanAdvocates American financial
  aid to help European restoration
• 1947 Great Britain grants India independence
• 1948 Communist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia
• 1948 Britain, France, and the Benelux countries
  sign the Brussels Pact

162
The Cold War

• 1948 Berlin Blockade and Berlin AirliftSoviets
  blockade Western Berlin so airlifts carry
  supplies to city
• 1949 Soviets lift Berlin blockade
• 1949 NATO created
• 1951 Schuman Plan integrates French and West
  German coal and steel industries and forms the
  European Coal and Steel Community
• 1953 Stalin died replaced by Nikita Khrushchev
  who advocated peaceful coexistence
• 1955 Warsaw pact created by Soviets to balance
  NATO
• 1955-1962 De-Stalinization

163

• 1956 Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago
• 1956 Soviets suppress Hungarian revolution
• 1957 Russian Satellite Sputnik - in orbit
• 1957 Treaty of Rome creates the European
  Economic Community (Common Market)

164

• 1960s Space Race
• 1960 U-2 incident causes collapse of Paris
  Summit
• 1961 Soviets construct the Berlin Wall to stop
  East Germans from leaving
• 1961 the Russian cosmonaut first to orbit the
  globe
• 1962 Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan
  Denisovitcvh
• 1962 Cuban missile crisis
• 1963 Freidan, The Feminine Mystique
• 1968 Students protest the policies of the De
  Gaulle government in France
• Soviet tanks end Prague Spring
• 1969 America puts first man on the moon

165

• 1971 collapse of postwar monetary system
• 1973-1979 OPEC oil prices increase
• 1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan ends détente
  between the superpowers
• 1979 Election of Pope John Paul II from Poland

166

• 1980s Growth of debt
• Reduced Spending on Big Science
• Computer revolution through 1990s
• 1980 Lech Walesa leads Solidarity in Poland
• 1985 Gorbachev take power
• Revival of religion in Soviet Union
• 1988 Economic crisis in Poland
• 1989 Unification of Germany
• 1989-1990 Revolutions in Eastern Europe

167
1990s

• 1990 Maastricht Treaty proposes monetary union
• 1990s Conservative economic policies develop in
  western Europe
• - Migration towards western Europe increases
• 1991 End of the Soviet Union!
• 1991-1995 War in former Yugoslavia
• 1993 European Community becomes European Union