Blood

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Blood
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Blood

• Essential Life Supportive Fluid
• Transported in Closed System Throughout Body
  Through Blood Vessels

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Physical Characteristics

• Viscous
• pH 7.35 7.45
• Temperature 38 degrees C 100.4 degrees F
• 7 - 8 of total body weight
• Males 5 6 liters
• Females 4 5 liters

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Functions of Blood

• Transportation
• What is transported?
• Regulation
• What does it help regulate?
• Protection
• How does it protect?

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Four Components

• Plasma
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)
• Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Platelets

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Plasma

• Liquid portion 90-92 water with fibrous
  proteins (fibrin)
• Straw colored, sticky fluid
• Carries electrolytes, hormones, gases, and
  organic compounds

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Erythrocytes

• Shape biconcave disc
• flexibility to change shape
• Mature ? anucleate
• Lifespan 100 120 days
• 97 is hemoglobin
• Transports O2

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Leukocytes/WBCs

• Surveillance, Fighters, Protectors

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5 Types of WBCs

• Neutrophils granululocyte (bacterial and some
  fungal infections)
• Lymphocyte agranulocyte (TB cells)
• Monocyte agranulocyte
• Eosinophil granulocyte (allergic reactions,
  parasitic infections)
• Basophil granulocyte

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Platelets

• Thrombocytes
• Involved in blood clotting
• Lifespan live only 10 days
• Aspirin inactivates the platelets

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Red Blood Cell Disorders

• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Insufficient Fe
• Affects ______
• Results in_____
• Patient is _____
• Most commontype of anemia
• Looks?

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Red Blood Cell Disorders

• Aplastic anemia
• Failure of ____ to produce enough blood cells
• Pernicious anemia
• Lack of intrinsic factor
• Inability to absorb vitamin _____

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Sickle Cell Anemia

• History
• Observed in 1910
• 1917 found sickled in blood smear
• 1949 discovered Hemoglobin S during
  electrophoresis
• Different amino acid

• Sickle Cell Trait

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Sickle Cell Trait

• Sickle Cell Trait

• Sickle Cell

• Hemoglobin AS
• Heterozygous State
• 8 of American Blacks
• Helps against malaria
• What causes a reaction?

• Hemoglobin SS
• Homozygous State
• No cure
• Clinical features bone and joint abnormalities,
  enlarged heart, heart murmurs, retinal hemorrhage

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Red Blood Cell Disorder

• Diamond Blackfan Anemia
• Rare, 5-7 per million
• bone marrow fails to make RBC, severely anemic
• Associated with birth defects (most common head
  and face, arms and hands, heart, genitourinary

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White Blood Cell Disorder

• Cateogories

• Leukemia
• White blood cell or bone marrow cancer
• Two main categories
• Acute
• Chronic
• Subcategorized
• Myelogenous
• Lymphocytic

• Acute immature WBC
• Chronic mature, abnormal WBC
• Lymphocytic affects bone marrow that makes WBC
  lymphocytes
• Myelogenous bone marrow cells that make RBC,
  Platelets, WBC other than lymphocytes

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White Blood Cell Disorders

• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

• Most common type in young children
• Affects adults, usually over 65
• Bone cancer where immature blood cells are made
• Treatments good chance for cure in children

• Most often affects adults over 55
• Sometimes younger adults, almost never children
• Bone marrow cancer, progresses slowly
• Treatments help control disease

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White Blood Cell Disorders

• Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

• Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

• Most common in adults
• More common in men
• Affects myeloid cells that make mature RCB, WBC,
  platelets
• Rapid forming

• Mainly in adults (rare for children)
• Progresses slowly

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http//ww2.cancercenter.com/leukemia/types/
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Platelet/Thrombocytes

• Thrombocytes nuclear fragments borne from
  megakaryoblast
• Activated by clotting proteins in plasma ? make a
  plug to stop bleeding

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Diseases

• Thromobocytopenia

• Clotting disorders

• Abnormally low platelet count

• Petechiae, brusing, deep vein thrombosis
• DVT- blood clot in deep vein. Usually in lower
  leg, thigh, or pelvis.
• What happens if the clot breaks off and gets to
  the lung?

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Clotting Disorders
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Other Blood Disorders

• Hemochromatosis
• Absorbs too much Fe from food and vitamins
• Fe builds upFe overload
• Build up can build up over time and damage organs
  (liver, heart, pancreas)
• Causes heart arrhythmias, cirrhosis

• Bleeding Clotting Disorders
• Important problem for women because disorders to
  reproductive issues
• Heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)
• Bleeding clotting complications of pregnancy
• Recurrent fetal loss

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Hemophilia

• Inherited bleeding disorder
• Blood does not clot
• Clotting factors are low or none
• Problems???

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Hemolytic disease of the newborn

• In fetus is Rh and mother was Rh-
• Must have previous Rh pregnancy
• Antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the RBC
• Results in decreased RBC for fetus death or
  jaundice
• Mother has to receive Rhogam injection after
  every Rh pregnancy

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Jaundice
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Mononucleosis

• Mono
• Kissing Disease
• Noncancerous leukocyte disorder from virus called
  Epstein-Barr virus
• Lymphocytes
• Signs and Symptoms?
• Resolves itself in 4-6 weeks.

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Mononucleosis
Mono above Leukemia below Difference is the
Auer rods in lymphocyte