Ch 8: Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

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Ch 8 Life at the Turn of the 20th Century
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Science and Urban Life

• Cities in every industrial area of the country
  expanded both outward and upward
• By the turn of the 20th century, 4 out of 10
  people lived in
• the cities.

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Electric Transit

• Allowed cities to spread outward
• Electric Trolley Cars ran from outlying
  neighborhoods to downtown offices and department
  stores.
• Some cities like Chicago elevated their trains
• Other cities like New York moved them underground.

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Urban Planning

• City planners sought to restore a measure of
  serenity to the environment.
• In 1857 Frederick Olmsted drew up the plans for
  Central Park in New York City.
• Daniel Burnham turned Chicago into a beautiful
  city with parks and sandy lakefront beaches.

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New Technologies

• Advances in printing increased the literacy rate
  to 90 by 1890.
• December 17, 1903 the Wright Brothers flew the
  first engine powered plane.
• George Eastman created
• film for use in cameras
• and created the company
• Kodak to bring picture
• taking to the masses.

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Expanding Public Education

• Most states had established public schools by
  the Civil War however, many school-aged children
  received no formal education
• Between 1865 1895- state laws were passed
  requiring 12 to 16 weeks annually of school
  attendance by students between 8 and 14.

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• They emphasized reading, writing and arithmetic.
• Kindergarten became popular during this time. It
  was generally created as a place where working
  mothers could
• leave their kids.

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Growth of High Schools

• Providing ladders upon which the aspiring can
  rise Andrew Carnegie
• In 1900, more than ½ million students attended
  high school.
• Subjects began to
• expand to science,
• civics and social
• studies.

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• African Americans were mostly excluded from
  public secondary education.

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• Immigrants were encouraged to go to school.
• Helped them to become Americanized.
• Catholic Schools were formed because they were
• concerned about
• the Protestant King
• James version of
• the bible.

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Higher Education

• Colleges begin to Boom.
• 1880-1920- College enrollments quadrupled.
• Law and
• Medical
• schools
• established.

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• Began using the high school diploma for college
  entrance requirements.
• With the help of the Freedmans Bureau, African
  Americans founded Howard
• University and
• Atlanta (Clark)
• and Fisk University.

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Booker T Washington

• Was born as a slave.
• Graduated from Virginia Hampton Institute.
• He said that racism would end once blacks
  acquired the useful labor skills and proved their
  economic value to society.

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R.C. Ogden, Senator Taft, Booker T. Washington,
and Andrew Carnegie
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• 1881- started the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial
  Institute in Alabama.

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WEB DuBois

• 1st African American to receive a doctorate from
  Harvard in 1895.
• He founded the Niagara Movement, which stated
  that blacks should seek a liberal arts education
  so that the African American community would have
  well educated leaders

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W.E.B. DUBOIS
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African Americans Legal Discrimination

• system of legal policies of racial discrimination
  and tried to find ways to weaken blacks political
  power.
• literacy test to vote.
• Pay the Poll Tax to vote
• Grandfather clause for the whites
• Passes racial segregation laws (Jim Crow Laws)

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Plessy v. Feguson

• 1896 South Carolina ruled that the separation of
  races in public accommodations was legal and
  didnt violate the 14th amendment.
• It established separate but equal as long as it
  maintained separate facilities as long as they
  were provided equal service.
• Permitted legalized racial segregation for almost
  60 years.

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Discrimination in the North

• 1900- Many blacks moved to the North in search
  for better paying jobs and social equality.
• Big discrimination in the North also.
• Found themselves forced into segregated
  neighborhoods.
• There was also discrimination on the job.

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Mexican workers

• In the late 1800s the railroads hired more
  Mexicans than members of any other ethnic group.
• They were used to the hot dry climate.
• Railroads made them
• work for less money
• than any other ethnic
• group.

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The Dawn of Mass Culture

• Middle class Americans from all over the country
  shared experiences as new leisure activities,
  nationwide
• advertising campaigns,
• and the rise of
• consumer culture
• began to level
• regional differences.

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Amusement Parks

• Coney Island was built in 1884. One of the first
  roller coasters was located here.
• 1st Ferris Wheel of the world was at the
  Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.

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Baseball

• 1845, Alexander J Cartwright organized a club in
  New York City. Five years later, 50 baseball
  clubs had been formed.
• 1869- the Cincinnati Red Stockings were touring
  the country playing exhibition games. This lead
  to the national league in 1876 and the American
  League in 1900.

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• First World Series was held in 1903 between the
  Boston Pilgrims and the Pittsburgh Pirates.
• African Americans, excluded from the white
  leagues, formed their own league called the Negro
  National League and the Negro National League.

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Shopping

• Earliest form of a shopping center opened in 1890
  in Cleveland, Ohio.
• Marshall Fields was the first department store in
  Chicago. He found that paying attention to
  female customers, business would increase.
•       

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• Woolworths was the first chain store.
• Catalogs became popular- Montgomery Wards and
  Sears were one of the first to have the catalogs.

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Farmers Face Financial Ruin

• The Morrill Act of 1862 and 1890 gave federal
  land to the states to help finance agricultural
  colleges.
• When crop prices were high, farmers could
• repay their loans.
• When crop prices fell,
• farmers grew more, which
• caused prices to fall even
• more

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Farmers Organize

• Railroads charged Western farmers a higher fee
  than Eastern farmers
• farmers needed to organize.
• In 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelley started
• the Grange.
• Members learned how to
• Support political candidates,
• create legislation to regulate railroads,
• fight the power of the banks.

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The Populist Party

• Leaders of the Farmers alliance created the
  Populist Party, in 1892.
• The Populist Party demanded reforms
• to reduce debt from farmers and laborers
• give the people a greater voice in their
  government.

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Populists and Democrats Combine

• The Populists' share the platform of the
  Democratic Party believe The government is
  responsible for reforming social injustices.

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Bimetallism

• The Democrats and populists favored
  bimetallism, either gold or silver in exchange
  for paper currency or checks.
• The Republican favored the gold standard
  backing dollars solely with gold.    
• Republican Party William McKinley for president.
• The Democratic Party nominated William Jennings
  Bryan

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The End of the Populist Party

• The voters of the industrial Middle West, with
  their fear of inflation, brought McKinley into
  office.
• With McKinley's election, Populism collapsed,
  burying the hopes of the farmers..