Research, Organization, and Visual Aids

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Research, Organization, and Visual AidsOh, my!!!

• What you need to know to write a speech ?

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Gathering Materials

• Print A source that is or was originally a
  printed source (ie. Book, magazine, journal,
  etc). It can be accessed either in real life or
  electronically.
• Electronic A source that has never been a
  printed source and is accessed via the internet.
  (ie. Websites)

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Print Sources

• Books
• Magazines and Journals
• Newspapers
• Government Documents
• Reference Works Dictionaries, encyclopedias,
  almanacs, yearbooks, books of quotations
• Television/Radio Transcripts
• Interviews

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Finding Sources

• Readers Guide to Periodical Literature Books
  used to locate articles on specific topics.
• Online Databases Infohio
• Search Engines

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Website Credibility

• Check
• Domain (.com, .edu, .org, .net., biz, etc.)
• Date of publication
• Author
• Citation of sources with the website
• Corroboration of information with other websites

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Documentation

• APA Documentation
• Go to www.citationmachine.net

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Organization

• Introduction, body, and conclusion format.

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Organization The IntroductionTell em what
youre gonna tell em.

• Introduction
• Attention Getter
• Thesis
• Preview of main points
• Transition to first main point

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Organization The Body Tell em

• Topic Sentence that includes the main point.
• Discussion of the main point.
• Supporting materials to support the main point

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Organization The conclusionTell em what you
told em

• Reiterate the main points.
• Reconnect with the Attention Getter.

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Organizational Patterns Informative Speaking

• Topical Organizes the speech by topic and
  subtopics.
• Chronological Organizes the speech in regards to
  a time sequence.
• Spatial Organizes the speech according to
  geographical or physical structure.

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Organizational Patterns Informative Speaking

• Causal Organizes the speech by cause and effect.
• Pro-Con Organizes the speech by Presenting both
  sides of the issue. This is a balanced approach
  to a controversial topic which would still be
  considered informative.

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Organizational Patterns Informative Speaking

• Mnemonic or Gimmick Organizes the speech
  according to a special memory device,
  alliteration, rhyme, or initial letters that
  spell a word.

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Organizational Patterns Informative Speaking

• Mnemonic example Improving Listening
• L- look at the other person
• A- ask questions
• D- dont interrupt
• D- dont change the subject
• E- express emotions with control
• R- responsively listen

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The Attention Getter

• To gain the audiences attention
• Anecdote
• Quote
• Statistic
• Shocking fact
• Rhetorical question

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Types of Supporting Materials

• Examples a specific illustration of people,
  places, objects, actions, experiences, or
  conditions.
• Brief examples
• Extended examples
• Actual examples
• Hypothetical examples

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Types of Supporting Materials

• Definitions explanation of a word, phrase, or
  concept.
• Definition by synonym
• Definition by etymology
• Definition by example
• Definition by operation

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Types of Supporting Materials

• Narration storytelling
• Personal narrative
• Third-person narrative
• Anecdote

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Types of Supporting Materials

• Comparison Association of two items by examining
  the similarities
• Literal comparison
• Figurative comparison

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Types of Supporting Materials

• Contrast Association of two items by examining
  the differences.
• Literal contrast
• Figurative contrast

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Types of Supporting Materials

• Statistics data collected in the form of numbers
• Do not rely only on statistics
• Round off statistics
• Use units of measure that the audience
  understands
• Use Presentational aids to represent or clarify
  relationships among statistics
• Stress the impact of large numbers

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Types of Supporting Materials

• Expert Testimony Quotations or paraphrases of an
  authoritative source to clarify or prove a point.

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Types of Supporting Materials

• Opinion Unproven ideas that are formed based on
  past experiences or experiments
• Expert opinion Opinions given by professionals
  in the area of study being dicussed.

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Visual Aids

• Visual Aid A visual representation of a concept
• 5 Classifications
• Objects
• Graphics
• Film Video
• Handouts

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Objects

• A specific item
• A scaled representation of a larger object
  (model)
• People or animals

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Graphics

• Graphic two-dimensional visual aid, including
  pictures, diagrams, graphs, charts, and maps.

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Types of Graphs

• Line Graph good at depicting trends over time.

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Types of Graphs

• Bar Graph diagram used to show quantitative
  comparisons among variables.

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Types of Graphs

• Pie Charts used to show the relative proportions
  of a whole.

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Maps

• A graphic representation of real or imaginary
  geographic location.

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Dos and Donts of VAs

• Do make it big enough for the entire room to see.
• Dont make it so big it is too difficult to use
• Do make it neat and easy to see/read
• Dont use letters or pictures that are too small

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Dos and Donts of VAs

• Do refer to the VA while giving the speech.
• Dont face the VA when referring to it.