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Biotechnology Notes

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Biotechnology Notes Chapter 9 Biotechnology Scientist change an organism s DNA to give it new traits. Possible because all organisms have the same Genetic Code What ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Biotechnology Notes


1
Biotechnology Notes
  • Chapter 9

2
Biotechnology
  • Scientist change an organisms DNA to give it new
    traits.
  • Possible because all organisms have the same
    Genetic Code

3
What are the benefits?
  • Insert needed gene into an organism
  • Make better vegetables/fruits
  • Identify suspects
  • Increase biodiversity

4
Restriction Enzymes
  • Cuts DNA
  • Act like molecular scissors
  • Lets scientist take out and insert a new gene

5
Restriction Enzymes
  • What are they?
  • protein
  • Cuts DNA into smaller pieces (molecular scissors)
  • certain enzymes recognize specific sequences of
    DNA nucleotides

6
Restriction Enzyme
  • Different restriction enzymes cut in different
    places
  • They recognize nucleotides between 4 and 8 bases
    long

7
Where does the EcoRI cut? GCTATAGGAATTCATACCGCCG
TAATAGCGAATTC CGATATCCTTAAGTATGGCGGCATTATCGCTTAAG
The restriction enzyme produces 3 fragments
8
Restriction Enzymes
  • Some cut straight and make blunt ends
  • Some cut staggered and make sticky ends

9
Restriction enzymes can make two types of cut
sites
  • 1. Sticky has overhang (genetic engineering)
  • -G AATTC-
  • -CTTAA
    G-
  • a. easily bind to complementary strands
    in
  • DNA from other organisms
  • b. isolate a gene and put into another
  • strand of DNA (gene cloning)
  • 2. Blunt (DNA fingerprinting and sequencing)
  • -CCC
    CCC-
  • -GGG
    GGG-

10
Gel electrophoresis
  • Uses an electrical current to separate DNA
    sequences that were cut by restriction enzymes.

11
Gel electrophoresis
  • Electrical currents pull the pieces through a gel
  • Smaller fragments can move faster farther than
    longer fragments

12
Gel electrophoresis
  • Each piece creates a band on the gel
  • Creates a DNA fingerprint
  • Everyone has their own unique DNA fingerprint

13
DNA Fingerprinting
  • Made by restriction enzymes and gel
    electrophoresis
  • What is it used for?
  • Paternity tests
  • Evidence in criminal cases
  • Studying biodiversity

14
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15
Genetic Engineering
  • Restriction enzymes cut out a specific gene
  • Gene is inserted into new organism

16
Plasmid
  • loops of DNA in bacteria
  • restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA
  • foreign gene inserted into plasmid

Contains genes not important for survival -can be
transferred from one bacteria to another
17
Recombinant DNA
  • Contains genes from more than one organism

18
Transgenic Organism
  • Has one or more genes inserted in its DNA
  • ? Has recombinant DNA

19
Transgenic Organism
  • Transgenic bacteria used to make human protein
  • Gene inserted into plasmid
  • Plasmid inserted into bacteria
  • Bacteria makes the protein the gene coded for

20
Uses of Transgenic Organisms
  • Transgenic plants used in agriculture
  • Creates crops resistant to frost, diseases, and
    insects
  • Food produced more quickly and cheaply

21
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22
Uses of Transgenic Organism
  • Bacteria with human DNA make human proteins
  • Ex. Insulin
  • Cows inserted with genes that produce more milk
    or human protein-enriched milk

23
Concerns about Genetic Engineering
  • possible long-term health effects of eating GM
    foods
  • possible effects of GM (genetically modified)
    plants on ecosystems and biodiversity

24
List Genetically Modified Fruit
Papaya-Virus resistant
  • Pluot-plum and apricot

25
  • Anti-freeze gene in fish inserted in tomatoes and
    strawberries

26
  • Corn with vaccines Ex. Hep A

27
Class work
  • Genetic Engineer Fruit
  • 1. Vocabulary Chart

Homework
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