Cancer: Reducing Your Risk

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10 Grade Health

• Cancer Reducing Your Risk

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Agenda for Cancer Lecture

• Introduction (Etiology, Epidemiology, Oncologist)
• Basic Understanding of Biology (cells)
• Define Cancer (Autoimmune Disease)
• Risk Factors (profile of our exposures)
• Classifications of Cancer
• Location of Cancer
• Prevention, Detection and Treatment

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Introduction

• The last 50 years has seen a better understanding
  of the causes and treatments of cancer. Hence,
  the stigma, early detection and technology has
  improved the prognosis of cancer patients to an
  unprecedented level.

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Cancer Statistics

• 553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001
• 1.3 million new cases diagnosed
• 1 in 4 deaths from cancer
• Early detection/improvements in technology have
  improved prognosis for many
• What do you think are the contributing factors to
  the incidence of cancer in the U.S. today?

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Healthy Cells

• Cells represent the smallest, functional unit of
  our existence which contains cytoplasm and a
  nucleus (i.e. metabolism, reproduction, day to
  day functions)
• Cells have a specialized function depending on
  their location in the body.

• Cells grow, replicate and repair body organs.
• The genetic material (DNA/RNA) and your immune
  system regulate this process.

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Different Types of Cells

• Blood cells
• Muscle cells (smooth, striated, cardiac)
• Nerve cells
• Bone cells
• Cartilage cells
• Liver (hepa) cells

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Define Cancer

• Cancer is a term used to describe a large group
  of diseases that are characterized by a cellular
  malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to
  know what to do and when to do it. Cancerous
  cells do not have this programming and therefore
  grow and replicate out of control. They also
  serve no physiological function. These cells are
  now termed a neoplasm.

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This neoplasmic mass often forms a clumping of
cells known as a tumor.
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Tumors

• Benign Tumors (noncancerous)
• Enclosed in a fibrous shell or capsule.
• Take up space
• Concerned if they interfere with surrounding
  tissues or vessels or impede the function of the
  body.

• Malignant Tumors (cancerous)
• Not usually contained metastasis
• Invade and emit clawlike protrusions that disrupt
  the RNA and DNA of normal cells (these cancerous
  cells act like a virus).

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Risk Factors (multi-factorial)

• Exposure to Cancer-causing agents
• Cellular Mutations (what agents cause this?
  Environment Lifestyle agents)
• Genetics Hormone exposure (i.e. breast cancer)
• Occupation and Environment Factors
• Social and Psychological Factors
• Chemicals in Food
• Viral (i.e. herpes, HPV, mononucleosis) create an
  opportunistic environment
• Medical Factors

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Types of Cancer

• Classifications of Cancer
• Carcinomas
• Sarcomas
• Lymphomas
• Leukemias
• Lung Cancer
• Killed 164,000 in 2000
• Prevention-researchers theorize 90 of all lung
  cancers could be avoided by not smoking

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Gas Exchange in Your Lungs
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Lung and Bronchus Cancer (Invasive), 1975-2002
(CDC)
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Lung and Bronchus Cancer for U.S. Males, 1992-2002
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Lung and Bronchus Cancer for U.S. Females,
1992-2002
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Ten Leading Causes of Death for Males, 2002 (CDC)
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Ten Leading Causes of Death for Females, 2002
(CDC)
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An Overview of Cancer

• Variations in Rates
• Rates have large variations among populations
• 444.6 per 100,000 African Americans
• 402.1 per 100,000 Whites
• 272.4 per 100,000 Hispanics
• 279.3 per 100,000 Asian Pacific Islanders
• 152.8 per 100,000 Native Americans

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An Overview of Cancer

• What is Cancer?
• Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
• Neoplasms
• Malignant tumors
• Benign tumors

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An Overview of Cancer

• Cellular Change/Mutation Theories
• Spontaneous errors
• External agents
• Oncogenes
• Risks for Cancer-Lifestyle
• Smoking among greatest
• Nutrition/exercise

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Factors Believed to Contribute to Global Causes
of Cancer
Figure 13.1
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What Causes Cancer?

• Biological Factors
• Genetic predisposition
• Reproductive and hormonal risks

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What Causes Cancer?

• Occupational and Environmental Factors
• Asbestos, nickel, chromate
• Radioactive substances
• Social and Psychological Factors
• Stress
• Decrease negative emotions

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What Causes Cancer?

• Chemicals in Food
• Sodium nitrate
• Clostridium botulism
• Viral Factors
• Herpes-related virus and human papillomavirus
• Medical Factors
• Diethylstibestrol (DES)
• Chemotherapy

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Table 13.1
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Types of Cancer

• Breast Cancer
• One in 8 women
• Risk increases with age
• Risk factors supported by research
• Prevention (self-exam and mammography)
• See figure 13.3 for self-examination procedure
• Treatment

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Breast Self-Examination
Figure 13.3
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Types of Cancer

• Colon and Rectum Cancer
• 3rd most common in men and women
• 135,400 in 2001 diagnosed
• Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal
  bleeding
• Prostate Cancer
• Most common in males today
• 189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002
• Estimated 30,200 men will die

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Types of Cancer

• Skin Cancer Sun Bathers Beware
• 1.3 million cases of skin cancer
• Treatable basal or squamous
• Virulent malignant melanoma
• ABCD rule about melanoma
• What are some ideas about the use of sunscreen?

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Types of Cancer

• Testicular Cancer
• Ages 17-34 at greatest risk
• Cause is unknown
• Undescended testicles present a great risk
• How and when should men examine their
  testicles?(see Figure 13.4)

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Testicular Self-Examination
Figure 13.4
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Types of Cancer

• Ovarian Cancer
• 4th leading cause of death in young women
• Enlargement of abdomen common sign
• Prevention annual pelvic exams
• Endometrium (Uterine) Cancer
• Pap test for early detection
• Risk early onset of intercourse
• Warning abnormal bleeding

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Types of Cancer

• Cancer of the Pancreas
• Silent disease
• 29,700 cases in 2002
• Only 4 survive
• Contributors inflammation, diabetes, high-fat
  diet

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Types of Cancer

• Leukemia
• Cancer of blood-forming tissues
• Leads to the creation of immature white blood
  cells
• Symptoms fatigue / paleness / weight loss
• Can be acute or chronic

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Facing Cancer

• Detecting Cancer
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT scan)
• Prostatic ultrasound (rectal probe)
• Self-exam and check-ups

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Table 13.3
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Facing Cancer

• New Hope in Cancer Treatments
• Surgery to remove tumor
• Chemotherapy
• Researching genes and cell mutations

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Facing Cancer

• Talking with Your Doctor about Cancer
• Ask questions about type, treatment, clinical
  trials
• Ask about surgery
• Ask why one treatment is preferred
• Get all your options

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Facing Cancer

• Life After Cancer
• Laws reduce insurance discrimination
• Less isolation
• Assistance is available
• Support groups