Title: White pine blister rust: the nemesis of North American white pines
1White pine blister rustthe nemesis of North
American white pines
- A presentation by
- Kristen M. Baker
2Blister rust cankers sugar pine whitebark pine
3Top kill in whitebark pine
4Cronartium ribicolathe causal agent
- Complex system involving 5 spore stages and two
hosts - Pinus and Ribes
- Introduced into North America around 1900 on
infected eastern white pine stock separate
introductions on east and west coasts - Native and Asia
5C. ribicola life cycle
6A Few Pathogen Details
- Low genetic diversity in N.A.
- High diversity between subpopulations
- Indicative of frequent founder events and little
gene flow - Genetic center Asia
- To infect white pines 48 hours lt68 F, 100
relative humidity
7Attempts to control WPBR
- Ribes eradication
- Not successful except a few isolated incidents
- Use of Risk Zones for planting and management
- potential pitfalls must also account for airflow
patterns - Pruning
- Can be successful costly may need repeated
entries probably would not work in whitebark - Genetics probably most successful method
- Sugar and western white pines
- Whitebark pine work in progress
8Widespread mortality in western white pine
9Pruning research in sugar pine
before...
10Pruning research in sugar pine
...after
11The tree host white pines
- Genus Pinus
- Hapoxylon subgroup
- Five-needled
- Eastern and western white pines, whitebark,
sugar, limber, southwestern white, foxtail (and
potentially the bristlecone pines) - Whitebark is closely related to European stone
pines, where rust is endemic
12Some details on Pinus
13Eastern white pine (P. strobus)
- Largely cut over prior to rust, so loss due to
rust minimal, but regenerating difficult - Only tree where Ribes control was mildly
successful - Most land managers wont risk it in high risk
zones
14Whitebark pine (P. albicaulis)
- High elevations in the western US and Canada
- Keystone species slow growth
- Mutualistic relationship
- with nutcracker
- Wildlife dependence on nuts
- Restoration treatments a helping hand for a tree
with a bleak future
15Western white pine (P. monticola)
- Largely disappeared from the Inland Northwest,
where it was once most valuable timber species - Like eastern, avoided in plantings
- Changing species comp. and structure made forest
more susceptible to fire, insects and other
pathogens
16Sugar pine (P. lambertiana)
- CA and PNW
- Tree of largest stature in mixed-conifer forests
- Few native pests, none causing such widespread
mortality - Also avoided in some planted settings
17Tree resistance
- Major gene for resistance
- Found in sugar, western white, and southwestern
white so far - Thought to be gene-for-gene (because virulent
race of pathogen neutralizes this gene) - Gene-for-gene typically indicates a pathosystem
in which the host and pathogen have evolved over
long time periods- so what is going on in this
system?
18A quick review of gene-for-gene resistance
19Lesion types sugar pine
20Additional types of tree resistance
- Sugar pine
- Slow rusting resistance - many components of
resistance combined into a single phenotypic
expression, exhibited as amount and type of
infection with moderately strong inheritance and
independently inherited expressions (low
infection and high infection abortion) - Ontogenetic resistance - another phenotypic
expression that develops as the tree ages under
genetic controls offspring may be fully
susceptible
21Additional types of tree resistance, contd
- Western white pine
- Slow canker growth - non race specific trait
produces abnormally small cankers may reduce
pruning necessity (due to success) - Reduced needle lesion frequency - also non race
specific trait few individual infection sites
per seedling may only be juvenile trait (seen in
cotyledons)
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