Colorado Space Grant Consortium

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Gateway To Space ASEN / ASTR 2500 Class 02
Colorado Space Grant Consortium
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Announcements

• Who is here for the first time?
• 1 Minute Report, use same number and put full
  name on them
• Attendance Sheet
• Next time Spacecraft Overview Part 2, ITLL
  In-class Orientation HW 01 Due (Remember to
  follow naming guidelines on syllabus)
• Pictures
• Space Grant Overview

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1 Minute Reports

• What is your name?
• How are teams formed?
• Still confused on submitting homework.
• What kind of satellite are we going to build?
• How big is the team?
• Will we work with airplanes?
• Is the class very technical?
• How much building will there actually be?
• Will it be built during class time?
• When we will get into our teams?
• Missing class policy?
• How is it possible that there are so many As
  and Bs if the class is really hard?
• How much outside work will be expected beyond
  homework?
• What makes the class so hard?
• More info about Space Grant
• What basic skills are most needed?

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Questions?
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Spacecraft Overview Class 02
Colorado Space Grant Consortium
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Introduction

• Say you wanted to put this into orbit

• What are some of the questions you would need to
  answer?

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Answers

• The answers make up most spacecraft systems
• Today well look at most of them

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Other Questions

• What would you have to worry about?
• What would you need?
• How much would it cost?
• How much would it weigh?
• How long would it work?
• What type of orbit would it need to be in?
• How long would it take to get it to orbit?
• How do you know it will work when it gets there?

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What To Worry About?

• Radiation
• Temperature Extremes
• Vacuum of Space
• Atmospheric Drag
• Cleanliness
• Launch Loads
• Shock
• Power
• Mission Life

• Autonomy
• Cash
• Pointing
• Schedule
• Weight

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What Do You Need?

• Launch Vehicle
• Temperature Control System
• Communication System
• Command and Data System
• Structure and Mechanisms
• Power System
• Attitude System
• Software
• Propulsion System
• Cash

• Schedule
• Budget
• Plan
• Testing
• Reliability
• Operators
• People, People, People
• Organization

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What Do You Need?
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Organization?

• Teamwork

Project Management
Systems Engineering
Power
Comm
Structures
Thermal
ADCS
CDH
MOPS
Ground Ops
Education
Web
Science
Software
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Orbit Selection

• Do you want to take picture of Boulder every
  day?
• At the same time?
• As many times as possible per day?
• Pick orbit right up front
• Different Types of Orbits
• Polar Orbits
• LEO
• GEO
• Different altitudes and inclinations
• Sun Synchronous Orbits
• - STK (Satellite Tool Kit)

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Launch Vehicle

• Then pick launch vehicle based on your orbit
  needs
• Weight needs
• Cost needs
• Certain launch vehicles cant go to all orbits

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Structure

• Your launch vehicle helps direct your structure
  design
• Volume, CG, and weight constraints
• Launch loads and shock issues associated with LV
• Interface constraints
• Vibration constraints

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Structure
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Structure
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Structure
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Structure
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Structure
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Structure
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Structure

• The whole purpose of the structure is to support
  the payload
• Then the other systems
• Composites
• Honeycomb
• Aluminum
• Plate
• Isogrid
• Titanium
• Stainless Steel

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Mechanisms

• In addition to structure you have mechanisms
• People are afraid of mechanisms
• Two types, deployment and payload support
• They usually are single point failures
• Hard to test on ground as they are used in space
• Mast example (Special Programs, Balloon)
• KC-135 Boom Video

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Boom
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Mechanisms
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Mechanisms

• Deployment failures usually are mission ending
• Spacecraft design try to minimize mechanisms
• Deployment mechanisms are the biggest concern
• Pointing mechanisms are less of an issue

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Mechanisms
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Communication

• Think of it as an internet connection
• Data rates are similar
• Can only connect for 10 minutes (pass time)
• This can vary based on orbit
• Transmitter (TX)
• Receiver (RX)
• Antennas (TX, RX, and Ground)
• Sometimes modems and TNC
• TX are big power hogs but usually not on all the
  time
• Cell phone technology
• IP technology

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ADCS

• Attitude Determination and Control System
• Driving a car on a mountain pass at night without
  headlights and no tires
• Some determination can be done on ground
• Determination System
• Star Trackers, Magnetometer, Sun Sensors
• Booms

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ADCS

• Controls Systems
• Torque Rods, Momentum Wheel, Thrusters, gyros
• A lot of software and control laws

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ADCS
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Power

• There is high likelihood of power being the
  reason a satellite fails
• Miniature power plant
• Most spacecraft use less power than a 300 W light
  bulb
• Very complicated system
• Batteries

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Power

• Solar cells
• Charging circuits
• Distribution system
• Control system
• Conversion system

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Propulsion

• Is limiting factor on long missions
• Station keeping
• Attitude Control
• Delta V burns (orbit maneuvers)
• Atmospheric Drag
• Different types
• Mono-propellant
• Bi-propellant
• Cold Gas
• Ion

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Propulsion
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Thermal

• Can make or break a system literally
• Three types of thermal control Active, Passive,
  Do Nothing
• Active
• Heaters, heat pipes, thermostats, cryogenics
• Passive
• Radiators, insulation, surface finishes,
  conductive materials
• Do Nothing
• - Usually a combination of first two

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Thermal
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Thermal
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CDH

• Command and Data Handling
• The brain of a satellite
• Is pretty dumb without software
• Basically a home computer but much smaller and
  less of a power hog
• Very difficult system, many unknowns and bugs

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CDH

• Consists of
• Motherboard or CPU
• Firmware
• Storage device or medium
• Sub-nets or sub processors
• Many sensors
• Many interface boards

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Software

• Programmers are worth weight in gold
• Days of Voyager spacecraft are over
• Today, satellites are very complex and so is the
  software
• Software is usually last thing done
• Last minute fixes are very dangerous

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Mission Operations

• Houston, we have a problem
• MOPS is the command center of the satellite
• All human interaction occurs through this team
• Much coordination is required to properly
  operate satellite
• Failure modes determined FMEA
• Data storage and analysis
• All communication is done through MOPS
• Usually staffed 24/7

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Other

• Management
• Systems Engineering
• Budgets
• Contracts
• Planners
• Manufacturers Technicians
• Test Engineers

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Anatomy of a Satellite
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Anatomy of a Satellite
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Anatomy of a Satellite
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Anatomy of a Satellite
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Anatomy of a Satellite
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Anatomy of a Satellite
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Anatomy of a Satellite
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Questions?
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Closing Items

• 1 Minute Report
• Attendance Sheet
• Next time BalloonSat Overview HW 01 Due
• Remember to follow naming guidelines on syllabus
• Who is here for the first time?
• Pictures
• Space Grant Overview

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Closing Items
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Picture Time