Organic%20chemistry%20A

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• Organic chemistry A
• Chapter 3
• Alkanes
• By Prof. Dr.
• Adel M. Awadallah
• Islamic University of Gaza

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• Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
• Hydrocarbons (contain only carbon and hydrogen)
• Saturated (Contain only single bonds)
• Alkanes (CnH2N 2 )
• Cycloalkanes (CnH2N )
• b) Unsaturated contain
• Alkenes double bonds (,,,CnH2N)
• Alkynes triple bonds ((CnH2N - 2)
• Aromatic benzene like compounds

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• The structure of alkanes

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Alkyl groups
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• Nomenclature of substituted alkanes
• Choose the largest continuous chain
• Start numbering (lowest possible numbering)
• List substituents alphabitically.
• Use di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa,
  nona, deca for identical groups
• Examples

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• If there are two equally long continuous chains,
  choose the one with most branches

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• Conformations of Alkanes
• Conformers Stereoisomers that are
  interconvertible by bond rotation

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• Potential Energy Changes in Ethane

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• Propane and Butane

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• Conformations of n-butane

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• Pentane and Hexane

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• Classes of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms

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• Physical properties of alkanes
• 1) Water insoluble
• 2) low boiling point, which increases upon
  increasing the number of carbons in the alkane
• 3) branched alkanes have lower boiling points
  than the corresponding long chain alkanes

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• Industrial Sources

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• Preparation of Alkanes

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• Examples

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• Orientation of Halogenation

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• Ease of Abstraction of Hydrogen atoms

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• Transition State for Halogenation
• Factors that tend to stabilize the free radical
  tend to stabilize the incipient free radical in
  the transition state

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• Non-rearrangement of free radical

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