Regents Earth Science

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Final Exam Review

• Regents Earth Science
• Ms. Moynihan
• 6/1/15

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Bell Work

1. How many stations do you need seismographic data
   from to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

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ES Regents Exam Prep

• Every Tuesday Thursday after school
• A173 w/ Ms. Moynihan
• A347 w/ Mrs. Dooher
• 3 PM 355 PM
• Starting Tues. May 26th June 11th

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EXAM SCHEDULE

• Part D Lab Practical
• Thursday Friday, June 11th 12th
• In Class
• Earth Science Written Exam
• Parts A,B,C
• Friday, June 19th 830 AM

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ES Regents Exam Part DLab Practical

• 3 Lab Stations
• Identify 2 rocks as igneous, sedimentary or
  metamorphic. Identify 4 characteristics of a
  mineral sample. (7 points)
• Identify the location of an epicenter, using ESRT
  page 11. (4 points)
• Draw an elliptical orbit, calculate its
  eccentricity. Compare its eccentricity to that of
  a planet. (4 points)

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Rock Identification

• Igneous
• - Contains crystals
• gas pockets/vesicular
• - glassy
• Sedimentary
• Contains fossils
• -conglomerate
• Contains pebbles/visible fragments
• Metamorphic
• - banding/layering of minerals
• - metal-like reflective crystals

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Locating an Epicenter

• P wave arrival time __________
• S wave arrival time __________
• Difference in arrival time _____ min ____ sec
• Use ESRT page 11
• Distance to the epicenter
• ________ km
• Draw the circle for _____ km
• For station Z, using the
• compass.
• Place an X where the
• Epicenter is located.

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Constructing an Ellipse

• Take Supplies
• 1 board, Styrofoam side DOWN
• 2 push pins
• Metric Ruler
• Pencil (if you dont have one)
• String
• Calculator (if you dont have one)

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Elliptical Orbit
Foci
X
X
foci
Major Axis
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Index Fossil

• Fossils that can identify specific geological
  bedrock layers.
• Index Fossils are
• Widespread
• Abundant
• Live in a short period of time

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Index Fossil
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Stromatolites

• Rock like structures formed from the remains of
  cyanobacteria and precipitation of minerals.

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Strata

• Strata A horizontal layer of material,
  especially one of several parallel layers
  arranged one on top of another.
• A bed or layer of sedimentary rock having
  approximately the same composition throughout.

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Strata

• .

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Strata

• .

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Principle of Original Horizontality

• This principle states that layers of sediment are
  originally deposited horizontally under the
  action of gravity.
• The principle is important to the analysis of
  folded and tilted strata.

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Law of Superposition

• Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time
  sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the
  youngest on the top.

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Folded Strata

• A geological fold occurs when one or a stack of
  originally flat surfaces are bent or curved as a
  result of permanent deformation due to stress or
  pressure.

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Folded Strata

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Folded Strata

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Tilted Strata

• Tilting (and folding) of strata is the result of
  tectonic movement - most commonly caused by
  forces related to mountain building.

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Tilted Strata

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Tilted Strata

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Radiocarbon Dating

• a radiometric dating method that uses (14C) to
  determine the age of carbonaceous materials.
• One of the frequent uses of the technique is to
  date organic remains from archaeological sites up
  to about 60,000 years ago.
• Plants fix atmospheric carbon during
  photosynthesis, so the level of 14C in plants and
  animals when they die approximately equals the
  level of14C in the atmosphere at that time.

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Radiocarbon Dating

• However, it decreases thereafter from radioactive
  decay, allowing the date of death or fixation to
  be estimated.

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Half Life

• Half Life - is the amount of time required for a
  quantity to fall to half its value as measured at
  the beginning of the time period. Most often used
  within the context of nuclear physics.
• It is the time required for half of the unstable,
  radioactive atoms in a sample to undergo
  radioactive decay.

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Half Life

• Uranium-238, the most prevalent isotope in
  uranium ore, has a half-life of about 4.5 billion
  years
• That is, half the atoms in any sample will decay
  in that amount of time.

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Half Life

• Sample Problem
• Given the ½ life of 14carbon, how much of a 100g
  sample would be converted to 14N
• After 11,400 years?
• After 17,100 years?

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Foucault Pendulum

• Used to demonstrate that the Earth spins or
  rotates about its axis once every 24 hours!
• http//www.calacademy.org/products/pendulum/page2.
  htm

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Work time

• Complete any missing labs
• Geological History of NY State
• Review for Regents Exam - Study Note sheets
• - Do practice problems
• 4) Complete Any Extra Credit Assignments

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• Regents
• Earth Science
• Exam Review
• Ms. Moynihan

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Bell Work
Draw the cross section of the stream bottom at
X-Y.
X Y
Stream surface X
Y
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Earth Science Written Exam

• Parts A,B,C
• Friday, June 19th 830 AM
• Check schedule for your
• Room _______
• Bring 2 2 pencils
• Bring a calculator
• NO CELL PHONES ALLOWED!

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Review Classes

• Tuesday, Mr. Lanik
• , Room M225
• Wednesday, Mrs. Dooher
• , Room A347
• Thursday, Ms. Moynihan
• , Room A174

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Bell WorkWhere is the wind the strongest?
B
A
C
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Geological Time Line

• 3.5 b.y.a. First evidence of life on Earth
• 4.5 b.y.a. Age of the Earth-Big Bang Theory
• 13.2 b.y.a. Age of the Milky Way Galaxy
• 13.7 b.y.a. Approximate age of the
• Universe

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Equilibrium

• The conditions in a system in which everything is
  balance.
• Uniform in every direction something that
  doesnt change with the conditions

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Unconformity

• A buried eroded surface separating 2 rock
• masses of different ages.
• A break in the sedimentary geological record.

Sedimentary
Crystalline rock
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Uplift

• Raised up, as in mountain building.

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(No Transcript)
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Solar System Numbers

• The Earth revolves around the sun once every 365
  days
• The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours
  (it rotates 360o/24 hrs.15oper hour)
• The Moon revolves around the Earth once every 29
  days
• The moon rotates on its axis once every 27-29
  days
• The sun stars DO NOT move in an orbit, BUT the
  universe is expanding (red shift).
• Constellations change w/the season b/c the Earth
  is revolving around the sun

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Life Cycle of a Star

• Al stars form from collapsing clouds interstellar
  gas and dust.

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Ursa Minor
The constellation Ursa Minor contains the group
of stars called the Little Dipper. The most
famous star in Ursa Minor is Polaris, the North
Star. This is the star that is nearest to the
North Celestial Pole. If you stood at the north
pole, Polaris would be almost directly overhead
if you see URSA Minor you can always tell which
way is north. YOU CAN SEE URSA MINOR in EVERY
SEASON of THE YEAR IN THE Northern Hemisphere.
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FUSION
Happens at the surface of the sun and all stars!
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Note Sun is to the Right!
SUN
What the moon looks like from Earth!
Waxing Crescent
Waxing Gibbous
First Quarter
New Moon
New Moon
Full Moon
Earth
Waning Crescent
Last Quarter
Waning Gibbous
What the moon looks like from outer space
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Lunar Eclipse
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Solar eclipse
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Coriolis Effect

• . In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis
  Effect causes winds and ocean currents to veer
  off to the RIGHT.

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• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The range of all types of electromagnetic
  radiation
• Travels in Waves
• Cosmic microwave radiation is about 3o Kelvin

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• Greenhouse Effect
• Pollution/burning of fossil fuels
• CO2 in the atmosphere increases
• CO2 prevents radiation from re-radiating out of
  the atmosphere so temp of the earth increases.
• Polar ice caps melt at a faster rate,
• raising sea levels.
• Also, the climate in crop growing areas may
  become too warm to grow food.

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Common Greenhouse Gases

• The most abundant naturally occurring greenhouse
  gas is water vapor
• Others are
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane and Nitrous oxide 

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Types of Weathering

• Chemical Weathering breakdown of rock resulting
  in a change in chemical or mineral composition.
• Examples Water Acid Rain
• Physical Weathering breakdown of rock into
  smaller particles with no chemical change.
• ExamplesBiological - Plant Action or Animal
  Action
• Frost Action
• Abrasion

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Agents of Erosion

• Running water
• Wind
• Glaciers/ Ice
• Waves
• Gravity

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A U-Shaped Valley is Formed by Glaciers
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A V-Shaped Valley is Formed by Rivers
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Weather

• Wind is caused by a difference in air pressure
  from place to place.
• Wind causes weather!
• Wind is the movement of air all around us - air
  has currents!
• Convection currents!

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• Atmospheric
• pressure is
• measured
• using a
• barometer.

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• Wind speed
• is measured
• using an
• anemometer.
• Wind direction is
• measured by a
• weather vane.

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Weather station symbol
002 -3\
Pressure trend over past 3 hours
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• The air in a room has a dry-bulb temperature of
  26oC and a wet-bulb temperature of 24oC.
• Determine ESRT p. 12
• 1. The dew-point temperature.
• 2. The relative humidity.

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• The air in a room has a dry-bulb temperature of
  26oC and a wet-bulb temperature of 24oC.
• Step 1 DEWPOINT oC
• Difference wet bulb dry bulb
• 26-24 2oC
• Step 2 look at top table
• Dewpoint 23oC

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• The air in a room has a dry-bulb temperature of
  26oC and a wet-bulb temperature of 24oC.
• Step 1 Relative Humidity
• Difference wet bulb dry bulb
• 26-24 2oC
• Step 2 look at bottom table
• Relative Humidity 85

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Can you answer these weather questions?

1. What is a front?
2. What typically forms at fronts?
3. What type of heat transfer occurs to move
   tropical air masses toward the poles and polar
   air masses toward the equator?

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1. A front is the boundary that forms when 2 unlike
   air masses meet.
2. Clouds and precipitation often form at fronts.
   Light precipitation ahead of a warm front, rain
   storms ahead of cold fronts.
3. Convection currents cause warm air near the
   equator (tropical air masses) to move toward the
   poles and cold air at the poles (polar air
   masses) to move toward the equator.

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• How does wind start uneven heating of the
  surface of the Earth by solar radiation.
• The North South Pole are always cold.
• 3) Warm air rises at the equator cold air sinks
  at the North South poles and the wind mixes the
  air.
• 4) The windiest time of day is the afternoon.
• 5) Jet streams are the major means of
  transporting weather systems.

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Orographic Effect
WINDWARD SIDE
LEEWARD SIDE
As air rises it expands cools, then
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Sea Breeze/Land Breeze
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Density Review

• Density mass (grams)
• Volume (milliliters)

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Gradient

• Gradient change in field value
• distance

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Rate of Change

• Rate of change change in value
• time

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Eccentricity

• Eccentricitydistance between foci
• length of major axis

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Video

• How the Earth Was Made (130)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRLMeA3M_PaU