Title: Stakeholder participation in knowledge production regarding complex environmental problems
1Stakeholder participation in knowledge production
regarding complex environmental problems
- Dr. Jeroen van der Sluijs
- Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development
and Innovation - Utrecht University
2- Knowledge used for policy-making and public
debate should not only be excellent from a
scientific point of view it also needs to be
socially robust, responding to policy, social,
economic needs or concerns. This involves
expertise beyond traditional and professional
peer community to include those with practical
or other knowledge about the issue at hand. - EU White Paper on Governance, Liberatore, A.
rapporteur, 2001.
3MNP Guidance on Stakeholder Particpation
- Why do you want participation?
- What should the participation be about?
- Who do you want to involve?
- How much participation do you want?
- What form are you choosing?
4Incentives for participatory risk assessment
- Instrumental
- decrease conflict/increase acceptance of or trust
in the science - Normative
- process should be legitimate/ democracy
- Substantive
- relevant wisdom is not limited to scientific
specialists and public officials - Bounded rationality
- Increase quality
- (Stern Fineberg, Understanding Risk, Informing
Decisions in a Democratic Society, 1996)
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6A Ladder of Citizen Participation, Arnstein, 1969
1 Manipulation and 2 Therapy. non participative,
cure or educate the participants. achieve public
support by PR.3 Informing. one way flow of
information4 Consultation. attitude surveys,
neighbourhood meetings and public enquiries.
Window dressing ritual5 Placation. Allows
citizens to advise but retains for power holders
the right to judge the legitimacy or feasibility
of the advice.6 Partnership. Power is
redistributed through negotiation between
citizens and power holders. Shared
decision-making responsibilities.7 Delegated
power to make decisions. Public now has the power
to assure accountability.8 Citizen Control.
Participants handle the entire job of planning,
policy making and managing a programme.
http//lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-o
f-citizen-participation.html
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8Different functions in the process of
environmental risk management and the position of
IA within this broader context.
9- Stakeholders can agree or disagree on different
levels - Ideological view. This is the deepest level of
disagreement and can lead to very different views
of whether there is a problem or what it is. One
can hold the view that a radically different
ideological starting point is required.
Ideological argumentation focuses typically on
ideology and alternative societal orders. - Problem setting and goal searching. Groups may
agree on the existence of a problem, but not on
identifying precisely what the problem is, how to
formulate it, and what the end goal or solution
point should be. - Problem solving. Groups may agree on the
existence of a problem and further agree on
policy goals but disagree on the strategies and
instruments required to reach the goal. Problem
solving argumentation typically focus on
effectiveness, side effects, and efficiency of
methods. - Outcomes and fairness. Groups often care about
the fairness of solutions to problems, but can
hold different views on what constitutes fair
outcomes. For example, one can hold the view that
the policy at hand does not serve the public
interest or public wellbeing. Fairness
argumentation focuses typically on public
interest, unexpected societal side effects, and
distributive justice.
10Value mapping and Argumentative Analysis
Stake-holder 1 Stake-holder 2 Stake-holder n Agreement Dis-agreement
Ideological view
Problem setting and goal searching
Problem solving
Outcomes and fairness
11Group of tools Tools
Knowledge elicitation techniques Interview Protocol analysis Card sorting / hexagon method Mental mapping / frames analysis
Brainstorming tools Delphi techniques Brainbox / electronic meeting
Spatial Visualisation tools GIS (Web-GIS) Maps / 3D scale models
Framing tools Reframing workshop / Round table conference Role playing games
Source Tom Raadgever, draft report for NeWater
project, 2005
12Group of tools Tools
Participatory Modelling Conceptual modelling System Dynamics Modelling Decision Support Systems Agent Based Simulation
Future-oriented tools Visioning workshop Backward mapping / back-casting Scenario workshop / development / analysis
Uncertainty analysis and KQA tools Numerical Unit Spread Assessment Pedigree (NUSAP) system QAAT
Source Tom Raadgever, draft report for NeWater
project, 2005
13Group of tools Tools
Design tools Creative competition Design studio Carrousel
Evaluation tools Multiattribute Utility Analysis Social Multi Criteria Evaluation Deliberative Monetary Valuation
Decision tools Group Decision Room Citizens jury
Source Tom Raadgever, draft report for NeWater
project, 2005
14 local knowledge / Indigenous knowledge
- Knowledge that is unique to a given culture or
society. IK contrasts with the international
knowledge system generated by universities,
research institutions and private firms. It is
the basis for local-level decision making in
agriculture, health care, food preparation,
education, natural-resource management, and a
host of other activities in rural communities.
(Warren, 1991) - Indigenous knowledge is used synonymously with
traditional and local knowledge to
differentiate the knowledge developed by a
community from the international knowledge
systems sometimes called Western system,
generated through universities, government
research centres and private industry. IK refers
to the knowledge of indigenous peoples as well as
any other defined community. (Warren, 1992)
15Local knowledge
- knowledge of local conditions, which may
determine which data are strong and relevant, - anecdotes
- informal surveys
- official information published by unofficial
means - investigative journalism
- can help to diffuse the policy problems
16- It may be argued that stakeholders lack
theoretical knowledge and are biased by
self-interest, but, as we have seen, it can
equally well be argued that the experts lack
practical knowledge and have their own
unselfconscious forms of bias. -
(source Jerry Ravetz)
17boundary work (Thomas Gieryn, 1983) The processes
in the science-policy-society interfaces by which
parts of a debate are depoliticized by defining
them as belonging to the scientific domain. By
drawing boundaries between science and policy,
scientists post keep out signs to prevent
nonscientists from challenging or reinterpreting
claims labeled as science.
18Models of participatory policy-making
(Pellizzoni, 2001)
19Participation and deliberation
- Traditional forms of involvement
- information dissemination public consultation
public participation - New forms of deliberation
- face-to-face communication argumentation use
of local and expert knowledges to reach
practical judgements about what to do.
20Positive benefits of deliberation
- increase range of valid knowledges
- increase the range of voices heard
- Increase reflexivity and capacity to learn
- increase legitimacy of policy decisions
- increase robustness of policy responses
- Increase public trust in democratic institutions
21Potential Problems
- open to capture by sectional interests
- inefficient use of resources time, people,
money - induces bureaucratic inaction
- stakeholder fatigue
- fuels public apathy and cynicism
- leads to forced /false consensus
22Conclusions
- Participation in knowledge production (as opposed
to participation in decision making) is
increasingly important - The step from one-way towards two-way
communication between science and society meets a
lot of resistance in the scientific community -gt
boundary work - Methods for systematic harvesting and structuring
of local knowledge are in its infancy huge
challenges here