Solar and Wind Power

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Solar and Wind Power
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overview of solar Photo Voltaic

• Photo Voltaics (PV)

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Photo-whatVoltaic-huh?

• Two ways to gather energy from the sun
• -Thermal Solar
• -Photovoltaics
• Photovoltaicsderives from the Greek Phos
  meaning light, and Voltaic meaning electricity.

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Geeks
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Solar Stuff
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Solar Stuff
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Brief Background

• Solar energy has been used as far back as 7th
  century B.C.
• It first entered the U.S. in 1954 with only a 4
  efficiency in silicon photovoltaic cells.
• In 2001 three countries were very dedicated to
  this form of energy.
• These three countries supplied 85 of PV energy,
  the U.S. is only responsible for 15.

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So how does this thing work?... --How do you
get electricity from the sun?

• The basic principle behind the technology is
  light energy in the form of photon particles are
  captured by energy absorbing materials like
  silicone.
• Once captured, negatively charged electrons split
  away from the atom and flow in one direction, the
  corresponding positively charged energy is
  directed in the opposite direction.

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Thin Film Panels

• Advantages
• Layer made of CIGS (copper indium gallium
  selenium)
• 100 time thinner than silicone
• Inexpensive and faster production
• Versatility
• Captures light spectrums invisible to eyes/
  exists after dark

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Thin Film Panels

• Disadvantages
• Efficiency levels around 20
• Processes rare materials

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Since then...

• 1977-Jimmy Carter installs Photovoltaics on the
  White House
• President Reagan had them removed
• 1985-20 Efficiency
• To day-42 Efficiency

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Beneficial Reasons For Using Photo Voltaic's
On Your home

• Helping the Environment
• Local Federal Tax Incentives
• Potential To Earn Money
• Utility Rebates Based on Installed KW

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Utility Grid Tie System
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Determining The Size Of System

• The Regions Climate
• Desired amount of Supplemental Energy
• Funding For Initial Cost of System
• Eligibility For Incentives
• Site Restrictions
• Community Restrictions
• Local Utility Buyback Rates

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Size of System

• A 5KW system can potentially supply a
  conventional home with power in a climate with
  average solar gains
• A 2KW system can potentially supply a energy
  efficient home with power in a climate with
  average solar gains
• Partial supplementary energy is also a good
  choice.

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Required Roof Area
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Photo Voltaics

• In 2008, the installed cost of a residential PV
  system in the United States ranged 8 to 10 per
  installed watt before government or utility
  incentives.

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Initial Cost Of Photovoltaic Systems

• A 2 KW system fully installed could cost on
  average between 16,000 to 20,000.
• A 5 KW system fully installed could cost on
  average between 30,000 to 40,000.
• Utility rebates on average are between 300 to
  400 per KW installed.
• The Renewable Energy and Job Creation Act will
  give a 30 tax reduction on cost of system.

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Potential Energy Savings Example

• An average home with a 5-kW system in southern
  Arizona
• Energy from the PV system (5-kW) x
  (2100kWh/kW-year) 10,500 kWh/year
• Energy Bill Savings per year (10,500 kWh) x
  (0.10/kWh-buy back) 1,050/year
• Payback of system with no incentives 30,000
  initial cost/1,050 28.6 years

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Photo Voltaics

• Does the Pacific Northwest Have Good Solar
  Potential?
• The Answers is.
• Yes

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Photo Voltaics

• Even west of the Cascades
• Oregons Willamette Valley receives
• as much solar energy annually as the U.S.
  average
• as much over the course of the year
• as southern France and more than Germany

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Evaluating a Building Site

• Solar potential, not every building site will be
  suitable for a solar installation. The first
• Some questions you should ask are
• Is the installation site free from shading by
  nearby trees, buildings or other
  obstructions?
• Can the PV system be oriented for good
  performance?
• Does the roof or property have enough area to
  accommodate the solar array?
• If the array will be roof-mounted, what kind of
  roof is it and what is its condition?

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Mounting Location

• Solar modules are usually mounted on roofs. If
  roof area is not available, PV modules can be
  pole-mounted, ground-mounted, wall-mounted or
  installed as part of a shade structure

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Shading

• Photovoltaic arrays are adversely affected by
  shading.
• A well-designed PV system needs clear and
  unobstructed access to the suns rays from about
  9 a.m. to 3 p.m., throughout the year.
• Even small shadows, such as the shadow of a
  single branch of a leafless tree can
  significantly reduce the power output of a solar
  module.
• Shading from the building itself due to vents,
  attic fans, skylights, gables or overhangs must
  also be avoided.

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Orientation

• In northern latitudes, by conventional wisdom PV
  modules are ideally oriented towards true south.
• Deviations between magnetic and true south,
  referred to as magnetic declination, vary by
  location.

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Orientation

• Orientation of a roof does not need to be
  perfect.
• Solar modules produce 95 percent of their full
  power when within 20 degrees of the suns
  direction.
• Roofs that face east or west may also be
  acceptable.

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Orientation

• Optimum orientation can be influenced by typical
  local weather patterns.
• Western Washington and Oregon frequently have a
  marine layer of fog that burns off by late
  morning and so have better solar resource after
  noon than before noon.
• West of the Cascades, the maximum power is
  generated with a southwest orientation.

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Classified
Broadly classified by answers to the following
questions Will it be connected to the utilitys
transmission grid? Will it produce
alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC)
electricity, or both? Will it have battery
back-up? Will it have back-up by a diesel,
gasoline or propane generator set?
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Photo Voltaics

• Most new PV systems being installed in the United
  States are grid-connected residential systems
  without battery back-up.
• Many grid-connected AC systems are also being
  installed in commercial or public facilities.
• Two types
• Grid-connected AC system with no battery
  or generator back-up.
• Grid-connected AC system with battery back-up.

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Photo Voltaics
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Photo Voltaics

• Solar Modules
• The heart of a photovoltaic system is the solar
  module. Many photovoltaic cells are wired
  together by the manufacturer to produce a solar
  module.
• When installed at a site, solar modules are wired
  together in series to form strings. Strings of
  modules are connected in parallel to form an
  array.

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Photo Voltaics

• Rated Power
• Grid-connected residential PV systems use modules
  with rated power output ranging from 100-300
  watts.
• Rated power is the maximum power the panel can
  produce with 1,000 watts of sunlight per square
  meter at a module temperature of 25oC or 77oF in
  still air.
• Actual power output will almost always be less.

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Photo Voltaics

• PV System Voltage
• Modern systems without batteries are typically
  wired to provide from 235V to 600V.
• In battery-based systems, the trend is also
  toward use of higher array voltages, although
  many charge controllers still require lower
  voltages of 12V, 24V or 48V to match the voltage
  of the battery string.

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M stands for Max GOooooooo Max
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Solar Water Heaters Solar Thermal Systems
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Solar Water Heaters

• Solar heaters, or solar thermal systems, provide
  environmentally friendly heat for household
  water, space heating, and swimming pools.
• The systems collect the suns energy to heat air
  or a fluid. The air or fluid then transfers solar
  heat directly or indirectly to your home, water,
  or pool.

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Solar Water Heaters

• Size of system
• 20 square feet (2 square meters) of collector
  area
• for each of the first two family members. For
  every additional person, add 8 square feet (0.7
  square meters) if you live in the Sun Belt area
  of the United States, or 12 to 14 square feet
  (1.1 to 1.3 square meters) if you live in the
  northern United States.

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Solar Water Heaters
Size of Tank For active systems, the size of the
solar storage tank increases with the size of
the collectortypically 1.5 gallons per square
foot of collector. A small, 66-gallon system is
usually big enough for one to three people a
medium-size, 80-gallon system works well for a
three- or four-person household and a large,
120-gallon system is appropriate for four to six
people.
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Solar Water Heaters
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Thermal-What it is
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Solar Water Heaters
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Solar Water Heaters
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Solar Water Heaters
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Solar Water Heaters
Integral collector-storage passive systems These
work best in areas where temperatures rarely
fall below freezing. They also work well in
households with significant daytime and evening
hot-water needs.
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Solar Water Heaters

• Thermosyphon systems Water flows through the
  system when warm water rises as cooler water
  sinks. The collector must be installed below the
  storage tank so that warm water will rise into
  the tank.

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Solar Water Heaters

• Integral collector-storage systemsAlso known as
  ICS or batch systems,
• one or more black tanks or tubes in an
  insulated, glazed box. Cold water first passes
  through the solar collector, which preheats the
  water.
• Should be installed only in mild-freeze climates
  because the outdoor pipes could freeze in
  severe, cold weather.

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Solar Water Heaters

• Evacuated-tube solar collectors They feature
  parallel rows of transparent glass tubes. Each
  tube contains a glass outer tube and metal
  absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin's
  coating absorbs solar energy but inhibits
  radiative heat loss. These collectors are used
  more frequently for U.S. commercial applications

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Solar Water Heaters

• Flat-plate collector Glazed flat-plate
  collectors are insulated, weatherproofed boxes
  that contain a dark absorber plate under one or
  more glass or plastic (polymer) covers.

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Wind Power
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• Requirements
• Need a substantial structural base
• A structure must be a minimum distance from the
  base of tower of 1.5 times the height of the
  tower.

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Negatives of Wind Power

• Does not work well when the wind doesn't blow
• They make noise.
• Can harm birds. (But so do cats)

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