Human Growth and Development

1
Human Growth and Development
2
Human Growth and Development

• Explore Go
• Genetics (Lessons 1-3) Go
• Prenatal and Neonatal (Lessons 4-6) Go
• Childhood (Lessons 7-10) Go
• Adolescence (Lessons 11-12) Go
• Adulthood (Lessons 13-16) Go
• Aging and Death (Lessons 17-20) Go
• Reflect Go

TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
Explore

• Unit Overview Go
• Activity Go

4
Explore Unit Overview

• In this unit, you will
• Explore the basics of genetics.
• Examine the four areas of human growth throughout
  the lifespan.
• Learn about the grief process.

5
Explore - Activity

• You will watch a role-play and participate in a
  class discussion.

6
Genetics

• 1. Introduction Go
• 2. Genetics Go
• 3. Quiz Go

7
Lesson 1 Human Growth and Development

• Human growth and development is the study of how
  people change as they go through life.
• Development is similar for everyone, but each
  person grows and develops at an individual rate.

8
Lesson 1 Areas of Development

• Physical development - all the bodily changes
  that occur as a person grows and ages.
• Intellectual development - a persons ability to
  learn something and then apply this knowledge to
  new problems and experiences.
• Emotional development - changes in a persons
  ability to establish a unique identity and
  express feelings.
• Social development - learning to interact with
  other people.

9
Lesson 1 Hierarchy of Human Needs

• A psychologist named Abraham Maslow developed a
  system of basic human needs.
• Hierarchy of human needs
• Food, shelter, bodily comfort
• Safety, security
• To feel loved, have a sense of belonging
• Self-esteem, approval
• Desire to live up to ones potential

10
Lesson 2 Genetics

• Genetics is an area of biology that deals with
  the passing of genes from parents to children.
• Genes contain DNA
• DNA consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes
• Each pair is made up of one chromosome from the
  mother and one from the father.

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Lesson 2 Genetic Diseases

• Genes can mutate, or break, and become the basis
  of disease.
• Two types of genetic diseases
• Single-gene
• Chromosomal

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Lesson 2 Single Gene Diseases

• A single-gene disease results from an individual
  mutant gene.
• This type of mutant gene may either create an
  abnormality or fail to make something that is
  necessary.
• Examples
• Cystic fibrosis
• Phenylketonuria
• Hemophilia
• Albinism
• Sickle cell anemia
• Red-green color blindness
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington disease

13
Lesson 2 Chromosomal Diseases

• Chromosomal diseases are the result of
  chromosomal breakage, an abnormal chromosome, or
  a missing chromosome
• Two categories of chromosomal diseases are
  trisomy and monosomy.
• Examples
• Down syndrome
• Klinefelter syndrome
• Turner syndrome

14
Lesson 2 Genetic Research

• Gene therapy - treatment of single-cell disease
  by replacing the mutant gene.
• Genetic engineering - imitation and artificial
  manipulation of DNA to create recombinant DNA.

15
Lesson 3 Quiz

• In this lesson, you will take a quiz on human
  growth and development and genetics.

16
Prenatal and Neonatal

• 4. Prenatal Go
• 5. Neonatal Go
• 6. Quiz Go

17
Lesson 4 Prenatal Development

• Prenatal development lasts approximately 38 weeks
  from conception to birth.
• Three periods of development
• Zygote
• Embryo
• Fetus

18
Lesson 4 Zygote Period

• The zygote is formed at conception and continues
  to develop for the first two weeks.
• The zygote travels from the fallopian tube to the
  uterus and implants itself in the uterine wall.
• After 2 weeks, the placenta begins to grow and is
  attaches to the zygote via the umbilical cord.

19
Lesson 4 Embryo Period

• The embryo period begins at the end of the second
  week and ends at the end of the eighth week.
• First half of this period
• The ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm layers
  develop.
• The heart begins to pump.
• Second half of this period
• Facial features, arms, legs, fingers, and toes
  form.
• Can respond to touch.

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Lesson 4 Fetus Period

• The fetus period begins in the ninth week and
  continues through birth.
• At the beginning of this period
• Organs, muscles, and the nervous system organize.
• The lungs expand and contract.
• The external genitals are distinguishable.
• The fingernails, toenails, tooth buds, and
  eyelids develop.

21
Lesson 4 Fetus Period (continued)

• 18 Weeks - Fetal movements are felt by the
  mother.
• 20 Weeks - The fetus can hear sounds and react to
  them.
• 24 Weeks - All the brain neurons are developed.
• 25 to 38 Weeks The fetus has a chance for
  survival outside the womb. This is called the age
  of viability.

22
Lesson 4 Prenatal Health Issues

• Teratogens - environmental substances that cause
  damage during prenatal development
• Medications
• Drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol
• Radiation and pollution
• Infectious disease
• Other health issues can include
• The mothers nutrition and stress level
• Rh blood incompatibility
• The mothers age and previous pregnancy
  experiences

23
Lesson 4 Medications

• Almost all medications that are taken by the
  mother can reach the embryo or fetus through the
  bloodstream.
• Medications can cause
• Low birth weight
• Lower intelligence later in life
• Death
• Mothers must consult doctors before taking any
  medications.

24
Lesson 4 Illegal Drugs

• Fetuses exposed to illegal drugs in the womb are
  at risk of
• Low birth weight
• Numerous defects
• Death
• If the fetus manages to survive through birth,
  the baby is likely born with a drug addiction.

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Lesson 4 Cigarettes

• Cigarette smoking while pregnant can cause
• Low birth weight
• Cancer in childhood
• Miscarriage
• Death
• Second-hand smoke can also put children at risk

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Lesson 4 Alcohol

• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a serious effect
  caused by the mother consuming alcohol during
  pregnancy.
• Children with FAS may have
• Mental retardation
• Poor attention
• Hyperactivity,
• Facial abnormalities
• Slow growth

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Lesson 4 Radiation

• Pregnant women should avoid exposure to
  radiation, including medical X-rays.
• Exposure to radiation can cause
• Miscarriage
• Poor physical growth
• Brain damage
• Cancer

28
Lesson 4 Pollution

• Some environmental pollution dangers include
  mercury, lead, and PCBs.
• Exposure to pollutants can cause
• Brain damage
• Mental retardation
• Low birth weight

29
Lesson 4 Infectious Disease

• Infectious disease can be difficult for pregnant
  mothers to evade.
• Common illnesses such as the cold and flu are
  essentially harmless to the fetus as long as the
  mother is well-rested and continues to get
  nutrients.
• Serious infectious disease can cause
• Birth defects
• Low birth weight
• Miscarriages

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Lesson 4 Non-Teratogen Prenatal Health Issues

• Pregnant women must be certain to get proper
  nutrition. The level of malnutrition of the
  mother is directly linked to brain weight in the
  child.
• Pregnant women should also try to remain
  stress-free. Anxiety can have harmful effects on
  the fetus.

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Lesson 4 Non-Teratogen Prenatal Health Issues
(continued)

• Rh blood incompatibility between the mother and
  fetus can cause
• Mental retardation
• Heart damage
• Death
• Blood tests and vaccines are given to prevent
  illness or injury resulting from Rh
  incompatibility.

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Lesson 5 Neonatal Development

• The first four weeks of life are called the
  neonatal, or newborn, stage.
• In this stage, special attention is given to
• Parent-child bonding
• Reflexes
• Temperament
• States of arousal
• Sensory capabilities

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Lesson 5 The Apgar Scale

• The Apgar scale rates newborns in the following
  areas
• Appearance
• Pulse
• Grimace
• Activity
• Respiration
• Apgar scores
• 7 to 10 Healthiest
• 4 and 6 Need assistance with breathing or other
  vital signs
• 0 and 3 Need serious emergency medical
  attention

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Lesson 5 Bonding

• Bonding is a parents deep affection and concern
  for the newborn.
• Parents and children develop a special bond that
  allows the infant to grow and develop with
  confidence.
• Some parents instantly bond, while other parents
  bond over the first few weeks.

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Lesson 5 Reflexes

• Reflexes are expected, automatic responses to
  specific stimulants.
• Newborn reflexes include
• Rooting reflex
• Sucking reflex
• Palmer reflex
• Most of these reflexes should disappear as the
  baby grows and develops.

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Lesson 5 Sensory Capabilities

• Touch most important sense for newborns
• Taste prefer sweet over salty
• Smell respond to good and bad smells
• Sound special interest in the human voice
• Vision least developed sense in a newborn

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Lesson 5 Newborn States of Arousal

• Newborns continually cycle through five states of
  arousal
• Regular sleep deep sleep with little movement
• Irregular sleep light sleep with body movement
• Drowsiness waking up or falling asleep
• Quiet alertness awake and attentive
• Waking activity and crying uncoordinated
  movements and irregular breathing

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Lesson 5 Neonatal Health Issues

• The transition from the womb into the world does
  not occur smoothly.
• Neonatal health issues include
• Premature birth
• Respiratory issues
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

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Lesson 5 Premature Birth

• Premature birth is used to describe infants that
  are preterm or small-for-date.
• Preterm babies are born 3 weeks or more before
  the 38-week due date.
• Small-for-date babies weigh less than expected
  compared to their length of time in the womb.
• With proper care and special attention, many
  premature babies go on to lead normal, healthy
  lives.

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Lesson 5 Respiratory Issues

• In respiratory distress syndrome, a babys air
  sacs collapse, which makes breathing very
  strenuous
• Respiratory distress syndrome can occur in
  premature or full-term babies.
• Babies with respiratory distress syndrome are
  attached to respirators until they can breathe
  comfortably on their own.

41
Lesson 5 SIDS

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurs when
  an infant dies during sleep.
• Death occurs with no trauma to the child and no
  indication from the child, such as crying, prior
  to death.
• No cause, cure, or prevention has been found for
  SIDS.

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Lesson 6 Quiz

• In this lesson, you will take a quiz on prenatal
  and neonatal development.

43
Childhood

• 7. Infants and Toddlers Go
• 8. Early Childhood Go
• 9. Middle Childhood Go
• 10. Quiz Go

44
Lesson 7 Infants and Toddlers

• Infancy generally refers to the first year of
  life.
• Toddler refers to the second year of life.
• During this time, children continue to progress
  rapidly in all areas of development.

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Lesson 7 Infants and Toddlers Physical
Development

• Infants
• Establish a day and night sleeping pattern
• Hold up their heads, roll over, and reach for
  things
• Hearing and depth perception improve
• Crawl and then walk
• Toddlers
• Gain weight and height
• Run, jump, and climb
• Scribble and stack blocks

46
Lesson 7 Infants and Toddlers Intellectual
Development

• Infants
• Imitate facial expressions
• Recognize people, places, and objects
• Make sounds that resemble spoken language
• Toddlers
• Experiment with objects
• Play make-believe
• Imitate adults
• Begin to speak and communicate
• Build a 200-word vocabulary

47
Lesson 7 Infants and Toddlers Emotional
Development

• Infants
• Show basic emotions
• Anger and fear increase
• Develop stranger anxiety
• May develop separation anxiety
• Toddlers
• Show empathy
• Able to cooperate
• Begin to express shame, embarrassment, and pride
• Self-control emerges

48
Lesson 7 Infants and Toddlers Social
Development

• Infants
• Begin to smile and laugh
• Match emotional facial expressions of adults
• Able to interpret others emotions
• Toddlers
• Play with siblings
• Show signs of gender-stereotypical toy choices

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Lesson 7 Infant Health Issues

• Infants and toddlers should have a series of
  immunizations to prevent several diseases, such
  as hepatitis B and polio.
• Children are also susceptible to accidental
  injuries, such as choking, drowning, and
  poisoning.
• These fatal situations are often avoidable when
  children are given proper care and watched
  closely.

50
Lesson 8 Early Childhood

• Early childhood generally occurs between the ages
  of 2 and 6.
• During this time, children continue to develop
  physically, intellectually, emotionally, and
  socially.

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Lesson 8 Early Childhood Physical Development

• Physical growth slows down.
• Motor skills improve, allowing for greater
  coordination and balance.
• A preference for the left or right hand develops.
• They begin to lose primary teeth and grow adult
  teeth.

52
Lesson 8 Early Childhood Intellectual
Development

• They can see simple situations from someone
  elses point of view.
• A greater attention span develops.
• The ability to count up and down develops along
  with the capability to perform simple addition
  and subtraction problems.
• Language and memory skills improve.

53
Lesson 8 Early Childhood Emotional Development

• They tend to shift quickly from confident to
  unsure.
• The feeling of frustration erupts easily due to
  the increasing intellectual abilities that are
  developing faster than physical abilities.
• They develop self-esteem and learn to express
  their emotions in acceptable ways.

54
Lesson 8 Early Childhood Social Development

• Children in this stage generally become better
  communicators.
• Most children understand sharing and begin to
  play with other children, which is called
  cooperative play.

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Lesson 8 Early Childhood Health Issues

• Children at this age have a considerable drop in
  appetite as their growth slows down.
• Because they are eating less, it is particularly
  important to make sure that all that they eat is
  good for them.
• Children in this stage still need plenty of adult
  supervision and guidance about safety issues.

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Lesson 9 Middle Childhood

• Middle childhood generally occurs between the
  ages of 6 and 11.
• During this time, children continue to develop
  physically, intellectually, emotionally, and
  socially.

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Lesson 9 Middle Childhood Physical Development

• Children can write smaller and neater.
• Their drawings become more detailed.
• Motor skills become more developed, including the
  abilities to run, jump, kick, throw, and catch.

58
Lesson 9 Middle Childhood Intellectual
Development

• Children in this stage display great strides in
  intellectual growth.
• Their ability to think logically and understand
  more complex ideas develops.
• They can employ strategies to remember things.

59
Lesson 9 Middle Childhood Emotional Development

• Children in this stage of development become more
  independent and responsible as their confidence
  grows.
• They may be able to describe their own
  personalities and explain their emotions.
• They also have more self-esteem than younger
  children.

60
Lesson 9 Middle Childhood Social Development

• They understand that peoples perspectives on
  issues are caused by the information that they
  have.
• They can view their relationships with others
  from a third-partys point of view.
• They develop friendships that are based on trust.
• Their personalities and interests become more
  gender stereotypical.

61
Lesson 9 Middle Childhood Health Issues

• Nearsightedness
• Ear infections
• Obesity
• Malnutrition
• Bedwetting

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Lesson 10 Quiz

• In this lesson, you will take a quiz on childhood
  development.

63
Adolescence

• 11. Adolescence Go
• 12. Quiz Go

64
Lesson 11 Adolescence

• Adolescence generally occurs between the ages of
  11 and 20.
• Most attention is paid to the first half of this
  stage of development.
• Adolescence is a time of transitioning from
  childhood to adulthood in each area of
  development.

65
Lesson 11 Adolescence Physical Development

• Females
• Gain up to 40 pounds
• Grow up to 10 inches
• Begin to menstruate
• Develop secondary sexual characteristics
• Males
• Grow much taller and develop muscle mass
• Reproductive organs mature
• Develop secondary sexual characteristics

66
Lesson 11 Adolescence Intellectual Development

• Adolescents develop better critical thinking
  skills, which enable them to interpret and
  evaluate information.
• They become idealistic about the world around
  them. However, they may also become more
  critical, when the world does not live up to
  their ideals.

67
Lesson 11 Adolescence Emotional Development

• Adolescence is a challenging and confusing time
  for many young people. They seek to establish
  their identities.
• They are self-conscious and often influenced by
  the thought that everyone is watching them.
• They are often and easily embarrassed.

68
Lesson 11 Adolescence Social Development

• Adolescents love to socialize with their friends.
• They each develop their own sense of morals and
  values largely based on what their parents have
  taught them.
• They also develop an awareness and interest in
  the opposite sex.

69
Lesson 11 Adolescent Health Issues

• Feelings of inadequacy are often displayed in the
  form of eating disorders, such as anorexia
  nervosa and bulimia.
• Some adolescents turn to chemical substances for
  stress relief, because of peer pressure, or to
  escape from problems.
• Suicide is a leading cause of death in
  adolescence.

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Lesson 12 Quiz

• In this lesson, you will take a quiz on
  adolescent development.

71
Adulthood

• 13. Early Adulthood Go
• 14. Middle Adulthood Go
• 15. Late Adulthood Go
• 16. Quiz Go

72
Lesson 13 Early Adulthood

• Early adulthood generally occurs between the ages
  of 20 and 40.
• During this time, adults continue to develop and
  change physically and intellectually.
• They also continue to change socially and
  emotionally. However, at this point in life,
  these two areas become difficult to distinguish.

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Lesson 13 Early Adulthood Physical Development

• Early in this stage
• In prime physical condition
• Typically stronger and faster
• Later in this stage
• Body need to be stretched and warmed up to
  prevent injury
• Metabolism slows down
• Decline in vision and hearing
• Hair begins to thin and gray
• Women may have fertility problems

74
Lesson 13 Early Adulthood Intellectual
Development

• People typically settle in a career and develop
  expertise in that field.
• Creativity tends to increase.
• Later in this stage, people are better able to
  manage many responsibilities at one time and to
  balance work and home life.

75
Lesson 13 Early Adulthood Emotional and Social
Development

• Adults develop an image of themselves in relation
  to the adult world around them.
• Adults develop values, skills, and credentials in
  the workplace.
• They acquire fulfilling adult friendships and
  work contacts.
• They might get married and have children.

76
Lesson 14 Middle Adulthood

• Middle adulthood generally occurs between the
  ages of 40 and 60.
• They continue to develop and change physically
  and intellectually.
• They also continue to change socially and
  emotionally. As in early adulthood, at this point
  in life, these two areas are difficult to
  distinguish.

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Lesson 14 Middle Adulthood Physical Development

• People typically experience some high-frequency
  hearing loss, declining vision, and loss of lean
  body mass.
• The hair continues to thin and gray and weight
  gain occurs. Skin begins to wrinkle and sag due
  to loss of elasticity.
• Disks in the spinal column begin to collapse,
  which could result in shrinking as much as an
  inch in height.
• In women, menopause occurs.

78
Lesson 14 Middle Adulthood Intellectual
Development

• Middle adults experience an increase in
  problem-solving abilities and expertise.
• However, there are decreases in the ability to
• Remember large quantities of information
• Retrieve information from memory
• Multi-task

79
Lesson 14 Middle Adulthood Emotional and
Social Development

• Middle adults become concerned about the next
  generation and have a desire to guide and connect
  with it.
• Self-acceptance is at its best.
• Some people retire.
• Family relationships change
• Children become independent.
• Parents begin to age and need assistance.
• Sibling relationships become more satisfying.

80
Lesson 15 Late Adulthood

• Late adulthood generally occurs between the ages
  of 60 and 80.
• During this time, adults continue to develop and
  change physically and intellectually.
• They also continue to change socially and
  emotionally. However, at this point in life,
  these two areas become difficult to distinguish.

81
Lesson 15 Late Adulthood Physical Development

• The body continues to decline
• Vision and hearing decline.
• Senses of taste, smell, and touch become less
  sharp.
• The immune system ages.
• Bone mass continues to diminish.
• Neurons die at a faster rate. However, the brain
  compensates with new synapses.

82
Lesson 15 Late Adulthood Intellectual
Development

• Late adults continue to experience a decline in
  their ability to recall from their memories.
• Finding the right words and organizing them into
  speech become increasingly challenging
• Although late adulthood includes the continued
  decline of some functions, people in this stage
  of life are at their most wise.

83
Lesson 15 Late Adulthood Emotional and Social
Development

• People at this stage may be widowed. If they are
  not widowed, they are probably more satisfied
  with their marriages than in the past.
• Their relationships with siblings become even
  stronger.
• They may become grandparents or
  great-grandparents.
• Their faith and spirituality may become more
  important.
• They also have an increased interest in politics
  and are more likely to vote.

84
Lesson 16 Quiz

• In this lesson, you will take a quiz on adult
  development.

85
Aging and Death

• 17. Aging Go
• 18. Death and Grief Go
• 19. Mortuary Science Go
• 20. Quiz Go

86
Lesson 17 Aging

• The study of aging is called gerontology.
• As people age, their bodies begin a process of
  decline in every major system.
• There are several theories in regards to the
  cause of aging.
• Decline of cell reproduction
• Nutrition, injury, disease, and the environment
• Aging viruses
• Free radicals

87
Lesson 17 Skeletal System

• As early as age 40, the bone mass and density
  begin to diminish.
• People can lose some height as the cartilage
  disks between the vertebrae shrink.
• The shortening of the spinal column causes a
  shift in weight, which alters posture.
• Range of motion and flexibility decrease as
  joints lose water and start to fuse and ligaments
  and tendons harden.

88
Lesson 17 Muscular System

• Atrophy is the wasting away of tissue.
• Regular exercise can do much to counteract the
  affects of aging on the muscular system.

89
Lesson 17 Cardiovascular System

• Fibrous tissue begins to replace the muscle
  tissue of the heart. As a result
• The heart becomes less adept at contracting and
  expanding.
• The valves become thicker, making it more
  difficult to fully close.
• In general the heart becomes far less efficient
  at pumping blood. Therefore, the output of the
  heart decreases.

90
Lesson 17 Nervous System

• The cerebral cortex portion of the brain slowly
  decreases in size, which causes impaired
  thinking, reasoning, and remembering.
• Neurons die at an increased rate and those that
  remain are degenerating, which results in
• Slower nerve conduction
• Slower reaction times
• Decreases in motor and sensory abilities

91
Lesson 17 Integumentary System

• Glands produce less lubrication to the skins
  surface, leaving the skin dry and fragile.
• Skin loses elasticity due to the shrinking of
  elastin fibers.
• The loss of subcutaneous fat produces sagging,
  wrinkles, and lines.
• The skin becomes more sensitive to UV rays from
  the sun.

92
Lesson 17 Reproductive System

• Sexual dysfunction could appear in the form of
  function, pleasure, and desire.
• Females
• Menopause
• Decrease of estrogen and progesterone
• Androgen continues to be produced
• Males
• Decrease of testosterone
• Decrease of sperm count
• Difficulty maintaining an erection

93
Lesson 17 Urinary System

• The kidneys shrink.
• A decrease in blood flow to the kidneys
  diminishes its ability to cleanse the blood
  stream of waste.
• People may experience a loss of muscle control in
  the bladder and sphincters.
• Problems with glucose control could lead to
  hyperglycemia.

94
Lesson 17 Digestive System

• Peristalsis decreases, which can cause
• Constipation
• Diverticulosis
• Difficulty swallowing and digesting food
• Ability to taste decreases with age.
• Less saliva is produced, and gum disease and loss
  of teeth can occur.

95
Lesson 17 Endocrine System

• Both men and women experience a decline in
  adrenal gland production.
• Women also experience a reduction of estrogen and
  progesterone.
• For men, the prostate gland becomes larger while
  the production of testosterone from the testes
  diminishes.

96
Lesson 17 Immune System

• The immune system becomes weaker, which leaves
  the elderly vulnerable to infectious diseases.
• Because of their weakened immune systems, the
  elderly are encouraged to get flu vaccinations
  prior to flu season.

97
Lesson 17 Respiratory System

• The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  decreases.
• As a result
• Irregular activity quickly leaves the elderly
  breathless.
• The elderly are at much greater risk of
  respiratory disease.

98
Lesson 18 The Terminally Ill Patient

• The final stage of growth is death.
• For some people, life ends abruptly and
  unexpectedly. But for others, they are diagnosed
  with a terminal illness.
• A terminal illness is an incurable disease that
  results in death.

99
Lesson 18 Stages of Grief

• Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross has established five
  stages of grieving.
• Many terminally ill patients and their family
  members experience these stages of grief as they
  cope with a terminal illness.
• People may not experience all the stages, they
  may experience them out of order, or they may
  cycle through them or some of them several times.

100
Lesson 18 Denial

• Denial is often the immediate reaction to being
  told of a terminal illness.
• A person in denial will reject the idea that they
  are dying, or insist that the doctor has made a
  mistake.
• Health care workers who deal with terminally ill
  patients who are in denial should allow the
  patient to speak and provide comfort without
  confirming or denying the situation.

101
Lesson 18 Anger

• Anger often follows denial, specifically when the
  patient is no longer able to deny the truth.
• Patients can become hostile and direct it towards
  anyone with whom they come in contact.
• Health care workers must provide support and
  understanding during this time.

102
Lesson 18 Bargaining

• Once patients accept death, they often desire
  more time to live.
• The will to live is strong and they set goals for
  themselves that they want to meet.
• To achieve these goals, many patients turn to
  religion and make bargains or promises in hopes
  of having more time to live.
• Health care workers should be sensitive and
  attentive to patients in this stage.

103
Lesson 18 Depression

• Depression can occur when a patient realizes that
  death is imminent.
• Depression can take the form of quiet withdrawal,
  spoken regrets, or great sadness.
• Health care workers should be particularly
  sensitive during this time and allow patients to
  express their grief.

104
Lesson 18 Acceptance

• The final stage of grief is acceptance. During
  this stage, patients accept the fact that they
  are going to die.
• They may spend the rest of their days settling
  unfinished business and helping family and
  friends cope.
• Health care workers should be sure to continue to
  provide emotional support and gentle touches of
  reassurance.

105
Lesson 19 Mortuary Science

• After people die, their bodies must be cared for
  in a specific, scientific manner.
• Mortuary science is the scientific care of the
  body and the emotional and ceremonial needs of
  the remaining family members.

106
Lesson 19 Funeral Directors

• Funeral directors run funeral homes.
• Funeral directors perform many jobs, such as
• Mortician and undertaker
• Funeral planner
• Director of activities at a funeral home

107
Lesson 20 Quiz

• In this lesson, you will take a quiz on aging,
  death, and grief.

108
Reflect

• According to Maslow, what are the needs of
  humans? As a health care worker, how can you help
  to ensure that a patients needs are being met?
• You are preparing a patient for an examination.
  How might you approach the patient differently
  based on the patients age? How would your
  expectations differ?
• What is the grief process? How would you respond
  to a patient experiencing each stage of grief?

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Reflect Key Questions

• What do developmental tasks and health issues of
  life stages tell us about overall human growth
  and development?
• As a health care worker, why is it important to
  understand the stages of grief?