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Marine Mammal Orders

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Cetacea - dolphine, porpose, and other whales Mammals have mammary glands, endotherms, 4 chambered heart, have hair/fur, and most are viviparous (placental). – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Marine Mammal Orders


1
Marine Mammal Orders
  • Pinnipedia seals, sealions, walrus
  • Carnivora sea otter and polar bear
  • Sirenia Manatee and sea cow (dugong)
  • Cetacea - dolphine, porpose, and other whales
  • Mammals have mammary glands, endotherms, 4
    chambered heart, have hair/fur, and most are
    viviparous (placental). Fur, low surface-area to
    volume ratio, and blubber to maintain heat and
    buoyancy.

2
Carnivores
  • Sea Otters Life in water - even giving birth.
  • Groom fur to trap heat. 100,000 hairs cm2
  • Keystone specie in kelp beds.
  • Eat 30 their weight of urchins, shellfish, and
    crabs daily. 3x faster metabolism for heat.
  • Orcas ate over 40,000 otters in 100 years.
  • Polar Bear (means arctic) spend most of their
    life in water traveling from ice sheet to ice
    sheet, which are now scarce.
  • Eat seals. Ferocious hunters stomp on dens.
  • Arctic is the word for polar bear. Antarctica
    (south) is where polar bears do NOT live.
  • Still hibernate in dens.
  • Have 2 cubs per year.

3
Sea Otters
  • Sea otters spend the majority of their life in
    the water. They even sleep and always eat in
    the water.
  • They must keep their feet out of the water to
    stay warm.
  • They use rocks as tools to open shellfish.
  • Sea otters must eat 25 percent of their body
    weight each day in order to stay alive.
  • Otter fur has 350,000 hairs per square inch. 1
    4in. by 4 in. section is equal to 48 human heads
    of hair
  • They nearly went extinct from fur traders. Now
    they are legally protected, but the Orca whale
    just discovered how tasty they are.

4
  • Out of 16,000 otters living in the spill zone,
    1000 died, 400 were treated, but only 200 were
    able to be returned to the wild. The oil also
    killed 37,000 birds.
  • It harmed 1000 miles of shoreline and the entire
    food chain.

5
Sea Otters and Oil Spills
  • When a sea otter's fur was oiled, the fur can no
    longer hold the protective air layer that keeps
    them warm so they die.
  • Oil spill caused reproductive failure in sea
    otters and many juveniles died from oil in their
    food.

6
Pinnipeds
  • Seals paddle-foot. Rest on land, swim under
    water up to an hour.
  • Baby seals have white fur for warmth and camo.
  • More than one den to protect. 10 days then water.
  • Evolved from cat and dog.
  • Seals strain krill with teeth.
  • Sea lions have ears, external genitalia, and can
    move back flippers forward.
  • Walrus uses tusks for defense and vibrissae
    (feelers) to find and suck up clams. Blush to
    release body heat.

7
Sirenia
  • Manatees There are 1000 left.
  • Most killed by boats or lack of sea grass.
  • Front flippers and no legs. Just a tail with
    flukes.
  • Humans hunted for meat, skin, and oil in blubber.
  • Harmless and curious.
  • Named after mermaid songs.
  • Descended from elephants.
  • One calf every 3 years. Males are not mature
    until 9.

8
Cetaceans Whales
  • Warm blooded. 4 chambered heart. Placental
    (live) birth.
  • Internal mammary gland and genitalia.
  • Can dive 2 miles deep and grow
  • Developed echolocation through modified ear and
    jaw bone.
  • Vestigial hair and pelvic bones present in
    embryonic stages. Why have them if you dont use
    them?
  • Transitional stages in fossil record.
  • Convergent Evolution of analogous features
    flippers, flukes, and streamline body (different
    make up, but similar function.
  • Homologous structures same make up, but work
    very differently. Same bones as our hand, but
    shaped into a flipper.

9

Convergent Evolution
Homologous Structures
Analogues Structures
Vestigial Structures
10
30 meters (90 feet) Largest Animal EVER!
11
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12
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13
Feeding
  • Baleen whales eat plankton, krill, and small
    schooling fish that they filter with their baleen
    (made of keratin).
  • Toothed whales may eat larger fish and mammals,
    such as seals.
  • Killer whales (orca) splash large waves on ice
    bergs to wash seals off into the water where the
    pack of whales are waiting to feed (on you-tube).

14
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15
Rorquals with Throat Grooves
16
Echolocation
  • Sperm Whale (Moby Dick) sailors used to think
    the enlarged head contained sperm.
  • Now we know it is full of oil (ambergris) used
    for echolocation.
  • Used in place of smell

17
Echolocation
  • Melon head full of oil.
  • Spermatocie is the oil within the melon.
  • The oil is also used for buoyancy and to absorb
    extra nitrogen
  • Lower jaw bones are filled with oil to transmits
    sounds to the inner ear chamber.
  • This produces an image similar to sonar
  • It can also send a shock wave Big Bang to kill
    their food

18
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19
Arctic Beluga Whales
Dorsal ridge instead of fin (dorsal fins causes
heat loss and would get stuck on ice). You can
watch their bulging melon can change shapes
during echolocation Calves are born gray and
lighten with age.
20
Vocalization
  • Separate from echolocation
  • They communicate to each other through sounds
    clicks, chirps, and touching
  • Used to maintain distance
  • They recognize each other by sound
  • Feeding signals and alarms
  • They also say hi and play with bubble rings
  • Whales sing to attract mates

21
Dolphin Swim
Dolphins and whales may swim up to 30 mph.
Dolphins jump out of the water to breathe when
speeding. They do tricks for fun and are
conditioned with rewards. Very playful, but can
attack with rostrum. Hunt in packs.
Cognitive Ability http//library.thinkquest.org/1
7963/genus-Tursiops.html
22
HydrodynamicsDolphins swim fast!
23
Cetacean Breathing
  • The nose of this order of marine mammals has
    been adapted into a blow hole which is located at
    the top of the head.
  • Either one or two nostrils that can clamp shut to
    prevent water from entering.
  • They are conscience breathers so only half of
    their brain can shut down at a time. They
    laterally sleep with one eye open and half a
    brain a wake. Then they rotate to the other side
    for the next 8 hours.

24
Blood and Oxygen Storage
  • Dolphins have larger lungs than humans and can
    hold their breath much longer. They can dive for
    1 hour.
  • 15 to 25 air exchange in human compared to 80 to
    90 air exchange in whales
  • They store 10 to 30 x more oxygen than us.
  • They have 2 x more blood per pound in whales than
    humans

25
Adaptations for Diving
  • Diving down 2 miles (7,300 ft)for food and
    protection for 1 h.
  • Blood vessels in tongue reduces heat loss
  • 90 gas exchange in one breath (20 in us)
  • 3000 times more air than humans
  • More red blood cells with more hemoglobin and
    myoglobin (in muscles) to store oxygen
  • Heart rate drops to 12 instead of 85 beats/min.
  • Blood is directed from fins to vital organs
    (brain and heart) only to maintain body heat at
    ocean depths.

26
Avoiding the Bends
  • Nitrogen dissolves into the blood under high
    pressure, but upon surfacing it sends deadly
    bubbles to the brain and joints (painful) like
    carbonation in a 2 liter.
  • Divers must go into a decompression chamber if
    they are lucky!
  • Whales flexible lungs collapse under the waters
    pressure squeezing out all of the air so that
    nitrogen cannot get into the blood stream and
    forces oxygen into central body cavities.

27
Blubber
  • 20 inches of blubber in Bay Whale
  • Blubber retains body heat and prevents melting
    ice because it keeps the heat within the body
    (insulates). Your body can loose heat twice as
    fast in water.
  • Blubber also helps buoyancy.
  • Whales stay warm by redirecting blood away from
    the thin flippers and keep it near the core of
    the body to stay warm.

28
Behavior
  • Whales and dolphins will protect by attacking
    with rostrum. They even spy.
  • They will surround, support/carry, and stay with
    their dead and dying until they rot.
  • Hierarchy among pod (family) members.
  • Monogamous partners. If one partner dies the
    other may stop eating.
  • Dolphins are one of the only animals to find
    pleasure in intercourse. They have been to
    reported to have been aroused by humans and rape
    sharks.

29
Breaching
  • Whale species can be identified by the size and
    shape of their blow spout
  • They breach to look for landmarks and danger
  • warning signal
  • Find fish
  • fun and itch

30
Migration
  • Gray Whales stay in the feeding grounds for about
    four months moving south in late September and
    early October (Watson 1981). 
  • The second habitat is the breeding grounds off
    Baja California. 
  • There, Grays vacation in the 71-degree waters
    where they  give birth and keep the calves warm
    for enhanced survival.

31
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32
Reproduction
  • Bachelor and harem groups.
  • Penis can exit genital slit 9 ft.
  • A second props the couple together.
  • Delayed Implantation of the zygote for up to 4
    months until female gets to the nesting ground.
  • 12 month gestation - calf born where conceived. 
  • Females give birth alone while guys hit on the
    next ladies
  • Calves are nursed for 8 months and then migrate
  • Calves are weaned when they reach the Arctic

33
Raising the Young Whales at Sheds
  • Baby beluga whales are gray because they live in
    estuaries not within the white ice. This skin
    will slough off to white by the time it will
    migrate north to the ice.
  • At Sheds scientists were studying the biological
    processes of the baby whale, such as, when they
    go potty, breathing rate, growth, and
    socialization. She has gained 200 lbs. in 2.5
    months. They compare these statistics with past
    success of captive bred whales. Dominance within
    the pack and submissive behaviors (such as
    sharing food with others) are dangerous.
    Dominance is displayed by jaw popping and
    charging.
  • Their dorsal fin has been modified into a ridge
    so they can swim closer to the surface (beneath
    the ice) to obtain oxygen and to break up ice
    sheets.
  • They act like canaries and can mimic sounds. At
    Shedds, one whale mimicked the sound of the
    broken washing machine.

34
Psychology
  • The cerebrum makes up a large proportion of brain
    used for sensory interpretation, thinking, and
    memory.
  • Conditioned learning practiced behavior is
    trained or reinforced with reward.
  • Recognize sounds, symbols, sign language
  • Complex messages to communicate in pod, hunt in
    packs, and adlib responses to trainers
  • Discover and use tools in nature (protection)
  • Learn by observation-mimic other animaland human
    behavior with sound effects!
  • Perform cognitive tests. Identifying self in
    mirror by picking up an object.
  • Recognize each other by sound
  • They learn more from peers than parents

35
Beaching
  • Unknown reason
  • They refuse to move
  • Efforts to put them back in the water usually
    fail because the whale re-beaches
  • They think it is a problem with their magnetic
    compass
  • On land their weight crushes their internal
    organs

36
Whale hunting
  • One whale is worth 100,000.
  • Whale oil Before petroleum was discovered, whale
    oil was the primary fuel for lamps. It could also
    be used to make candles. Whale may be used in
    cosmetics,
  • Whale vomit (ambergris) the size of a base ball
    is worth 18,000 dollars because it is used in
    perfumes.
  • Before we had plastic, the baleen was used to
    make corset stays, combs, house rafters, and even
    buggy whips.
  • In the old days the Eskimos used to eat and use
    every part of the whale.
  • The human being has killed 90-95 of many whale
    families. Others are already extinct.

37
Harpooning over 100,000 Whales in 2005!
International moratorium banned commercial
whaling over 20 years ago.  The Japanese are
exploiting a loophole (whaling for scientific
research). Greenpeace was attacked!
38
Dolphin Safe Tuna - not so safe!
  • Contaminants (pesticides, metals, plastics, etc.)
    accumulate in the tissue of dolphins.
  • Injuries or deaths due to boats.
  • Fishing nets especially TUNA even most Dolphin
    Safe tuna now.

39
Dolphin Attacks in Japan
  • Thousands of dolphins are slaughtered annually in
    Japan. Females are taken for display and the
    males are killed for a 10,000 reward (each).
    The Japanese claim they are depleting their fish.
  • They feed the dolphin meat to their school
    children. It contains high levels of mercury.
  • Celebrities tried to stop them. They almost got
    thrown in jail for a VERY long time.

40
Whales
Blue whale
Right whale
Sperm whale
41
  • http//www.scienceandsociety.emory.edu/scienceinyo
    urlife/cetaceans.htm
  • http//www.spawar.navy.mil/sandiego/technology/mam
    mals/animals.html
  • http//www.acsonline.org/factpack/whlparts.html
  • http//crd.dnr.state.ga.us/content/displaycontent.
    asp?txtDocument365
  • http//www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/leathe
    rback.htm
  • http//www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-chap16-evi
    dence.html
  • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin
  • http//bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/Fall99Projects
    /greywhale.htm
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