The Civil War

1
The Civil War

• Ch 11 Notes

2
Remember

• Confederate capital Richmond, VA
• Border States MD, MO, KY, DE
• All slave states
• DE had the fewest, stayed with the Union
• MD had more but stayed with Union even with much
  pro-Confederate support
• KY divided in opinion, people fought on both
  sides but the state gov remained under Union
  control
• MO had fighting about which side to take for 2
  years but remained with the Union
• Fort Sumter April 12, 1861

3
1st Battle of Bull Run/1st Manassas

• North named battles after rivers, mountains,
  etc
• South named battles after nearby towns
• McDowell in charge of Union army
• 7/16/1861 McDowell took troops into southern
  territory
• Up against Beauregard
• Many spectators followed the troops to watch
• 7/21/61 McDowell attacked

4
Battle Begins

• 1st the Union was winning
• Then Gen. Thomas Jackson got there with his
  troops to reinforce the Conf troops
• Stonewall Jackson nicknamed that because he
  never gave up during battle
• Union advance stopped and eventually retreated
• Retreated all the way the to Washington, DC
• Conf could have attacked DC but they were also
  inexperienced and exhausted so they did not

5
Lessons Learned

• Both sides need more training
• Battles are worse than expected and civilians do
  not belong there
• This will not be a quick war (originally
  thought it would be over by Christmas)
• Both sides need more preparations
• McDowell was replaced by George McClellan

6
Strengths of Both Sides

• North
• More railroad mileage
• More people to serve in the military and work in
  the factories
• Established government with a strong federal gov
• More industrial
• Balanced economy

• South
• Better military leadership
• Better military training
• Home-field advantage

7
Strategies

• North
• Anaconda Plan surround enemy and squeeze it to
  death
• Naval blockade of the southern coastline
• Take control of the Mississippi River and cut the
  Confederacy in 2
• Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital

• South
• War of attrition
• Battle to wear down the enemy
• Gain a foreign ally (especially hoped for
  Britain)
• Wait and defend their territory

8
Tactics and Technology

• Old
• All lined up to march into battle
• Concentrate forces, assault a position and drive
  enemy away
• Cannons and muskets (not very accurate)
• Long time to re-load weapons

• New
• Guerilla warfare (surprise attacks)
• Bullet shaped ammo not musket balls
• Fighting from further away from enemy
• Rifling used on inside of gun barrels
• Heavy artillery with rifled barrels, shells, and
  canister

9
War in the West

• Goal control the Mississippi River
• Targets AK, LA, MS, and TN
• Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
• Map p. 385
• Feb. 1862 Grant began to move south down the TN
  River
• Objective take Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

10
Union Victories in the West

• 2/6/1862 Grant attacked Fort Henry and forced
  its surrender
• Then marched troops to Fort Donelson
• 3 days of fighting until the fort surrendered
• Grants nickname Unconditional Surrender Grant
• Grant continued south along the TN River to
  threaten AL and MS

11
March 1862

• Conf Gen Johnston had his troops getting ready to
  fight Grant in MS
• Grant stopped in TN to wait for Gen. Buell and
  more troops before moving into MS
• Johnston was aware of these happenings

12
April 6, 1862

• Gen Johnston attacks Grant by surprise
• Called the Battle of Shiloh
• At the end of the first day it looked like a
  Confederate victory
• Johnston even sent a letter to Davis saying so
• Buell got there with reinforcements for Grant and
  the next day the Union troops attacked Johnstons
  by surprise
• Battled ended up a Union victory
• Very high casualties (some called Grant the
  Butcher)
• Union 13,000
• Confederate 11, 000

13
Also in the West

• Admiral David Farragut was moving north on the
  Mississippi River
• Late April 1862 captured New Orleans
• Continued north to Baton Rouge, LA and Natchez,
  MS
• June 6, 1862 seized Memphis, TN
• There were only 2 more main ports to capture
  before the Union held the MS River (took about a
  year)

14
Meanwhile in the East

• Confederates created an ironclad ship
• Under Union control it was the Merrimack but
  the Conf renamed it the Virginia
• Union built the Monitor an iron ship
• March 9, 1862 Merrimack and Monitor faced off
• Neither was able to do much damage but the
  Merrimack withdrew for repairs
• Union called this a victory
• Merrimack was sunk on purpose by the South later
• Monitor sunk in a storm

15
Peninsular Campaign

• 2nd attempt to capture Richmond (map p 386)
• May 1862 McClellan was in charge of Union troops
• Peninsula SE of Richmond
• Plan was to move up the peninsula and take
  Richmond
• At Yorktown they ran into Conf troops and
  McClellan decided to wait

16
Battle of the Seven Pines

• Part of Peninsular Campaign
• May, 1862
• Union Victory
• Very heavy casualties on both sides
• Conf commander wounded so Robert E. Lee took over
  in June
• Conf Gen Jackson took some troops and pretended
  to prepare to attack DC
• Lincoln refused to send additional troops to
  McClellan to protect DC

17
Seven Days Battle

• Jackson rejoined Lees troops outside of Richmond
• In late June, 1862
• Combined Confederate forces attacked McClellans
  weakened troops
• McClellan retreated
• Confederate victory
• Casualties 20,000 Union and 16,000 Confederate

18
Results

• Lincoln removed McClellan and chose Gen John Pope
  to lead the Union Army of the Potomac (army the
  protected DC that McClellan had led)
• Lincoln ordered McClellan to return to DC

19
Second Battle of Bull Run/2nd Manassas

• Lee divided his army again
• Late August Lee attacked Popes forces
• Jacksons forces attacked after surrounding Pope
• Confederate victory
• Lincoln was very upset
• Removed Pope and returned McClellan

20
South Changes Strategy

• South shifted from defense to offense
• Lee pushed forces into MD northwest of DC
• McClellans troops found some plans and met him
  just after Lee crossed into MD
• Major and crucial battle took place near village
  of Sharpsburg, MD at Antietam Creek

21
Antietam

• Union troops outnumbered Conf troops
• Night of Sept 17, 1862 more than 22,000 men lay
  dead or wounded
• Single bloodiest day of the Civil War
• Casualties about even on both sides but McClellan
  had far more fresh troops available than Lee
• McClellan did nothing, instead of attacking at
  dawn, and let Lees army walk away
• Lincoln fired McClellan because though he won, he
  let a decisive victory slip away

22
Politics of the Civil War
23
Politics of the South

• Confederacy loose union of states with a weaker
  federal government than state governments
• Created a constitution similar to that of the
  Union 2 main differences
• 1. Slavery is legal
• 2. More States Rights

24
Mobilization Efforts to Use Limited Resources
Efficiently

• Confederate congress passed laws to increase
  support of warfare.
• Farmers gave 10 of crops to the army
• The army could take male slaves for military
  service and the owner was paid for the use of his
  slave
• April 1862 Draft Passed (Conscription)
• All white men 18-35 serve 3 years
• Age raised to 45 after Antietam
• Later increased to 50

25
More Confederate laws

• Government would determine what and how much to
  produce.
• Wool - Cotton - Leather
• Seized control of railroads from private owners
• Income tax created to raise money for the war
  effort
• Had to do the best they could with fewer
  resources.

26
Impact of States Rights

• Not all mobilization efforts were successful
• Harmed the war effort in many ways
• Example people avoided the draft
• South sought help form Europe (Britain and
  France)
• Failed to be recognized by either of them
• Privateers 11 British built ships that fought
  against the Union during the war

27
Politics of the North

• Much effort was given to keep public support of
  the war high
• Tensions increased with Great Britain
• The Trent 1861 President Davis sent two people
  to gain recognition from the British (boarded the
  Trent)
• Union removed the 2 men from the ship
• England threatened war if the Union didnt
  release the men
• Lincoln ordered the men released One war at a
  time

28
Republicans in Control of Congress

• Pacific Railroad Act (July 1862) supplied money
  for the building of the continental railroad
• Homestead Act (1862) free government land in the
  west to people who were willing to live there
• Government raised the tariff rate
• Passed the first federal income tax (1861)
• Internal Revenue Act of 1862 taxed medicine,
  tobacco, and newspapers
• Nearly all taxes ended at the end of the war.

29
Republicans (continued)

• Reformed the banking system
• 1862 Congress established a new currency
• Greenbacks
• Value was established by the government - Fiat

30
Northern Opposition to the War

• Copperheads Northern Democrats who sympathized
  with the South and opposed the war
• Draft dodgers and draft riots happened throughout
  the North

31
Keeping Control in the Border States

• Delaware Stayed Loyal
• Maryland If Maryland would leave the Union,
  Washington D.C. would be in Confederate
  territory.
• Missouri Supported action to overthrow a
  pro-Confederate state government.
• Kentucky Martial Law
• In some areas of the Union, Lincoln suspended the
  writ of habeas corpus (can be held in jail
  without being charged with a crime)

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Emancipation and the War

• Some people began to question if restoring the
  Union was enough (slavery became a question
  again)
• Lincoln was hesitant at first to end slavery He
  didnt feel that it was a part of his job.
• Eventually he used ending slavery as another
  method to end the war (a 4th strategy to hurt the
  South and bring the war to an end)

34
The Emancipation Proclamation

• Fall of 1862 after the battle of Antietam.
• Lincoln issued the proclamation on January 1st,
  1963
• Freed slaves in the states that had seceded
• Very controversial, but it showed a shift in the
  mentality of the war
• Had little impact on slavery since the areas
  affected considered themselves to be outside of
  the Union
• Made sure that European countries did not get
  involved on the Souths side (they no longer
  supported slavery)

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36
What to do with slaves when the Union troops
encountered them?

• Some union commanders give them back to their
  slave owners when returning other possessions of
  theirs.
• Others felt that they were contraband it is
  generally accepted that during a war, property
  that is captured becomes the property of the
  enemy government.
• With this idea, many slaves were freed.

37
African Americans in the Army

• In the North
• Congress passed a law allowing African Americans
  to serve in the army in July of 1862
• Many joined after the Emancipation Proclamation
• On warships, black and white men served together
• As soldiers they served in separate regiments
• The African American regiments had white
  commanding officers.
• Until June of 1864, African Americans were paid
  less than white soldiers.

38
GLORY!
39
The Hardships of War

• Dramatic changes in the lives of people in the
  North and South
• Wives and mothers lived in fear
• Both sides faced labor shortages, inflation, and
  other economic problems
• By 1863 it was clear that the North was better
  prepared to meet the needs of the war than the
  South.

40
The Southern Economy During the War

• Food shortages (food production declined as the
  war continued)
• Lack of men due to the draft Women ran the farms
  and were in charge of the slaves
• Food riots erupted in southern cities (most were
  led by women) because of the lack of food
• Inflation Shortages and a lack of goods, plus
  profiteers (those who bought up a bunch of goods
  and waited to sell until the price got really
  high)
• Problems at home led to many desertions in the
  army

41
The Northern Economy During the War

• Industries heavily dependent on cotton were hurt
• Most Northern industries boomed
• Especially war related industries
• Women filled critical roles in factories as more
  men went off to war.
• Prices rose faster than wages during the war
• Some northern profiteers selling poor quality
  equipment to the military at high prices

42
Prison Camps

• Andersonville was the most notorious southern
  camp in Georgia
• Many scattered throughout the North and South
• In most cases officers were treated better than
  other prisoners

43
Medical Care

• ¼ of the soldiers didnt survive the war, most
  from disease and not battle wounds
• Poor nutrition and contaminated food led to
  dysentery and typhoid fever
• Malaria and pneumonia were also killers
• Union soldier was three times more likely to die
  in camp or in a hospital than he was to be killed
  on the battlefield
• One in five Union soldiers who was wounded in
  battle later died from their wounds

44
Women and the War Effort

• Women on both sides helped to care for the
  wounded
• Clara Barton The angel of the battlefield
• Later began the Red Cross
• Dorothea Dix organized the Union Armys nursing
  Corps
• 4,000 women served as nurses for the Union

45
Sanitation

• Non-existent in most camps
• Garbage and rotting food littered on the ground
• Human waste and manure polluted the water
• Epidemics of contagious diseases swept through
  camps.
• At times only half of the troops in a regiment
  were available
• Unites States Sanitary Commission Created in
  June of 1861, attempted to combat these problems
• Inspected army hospitals and camps
• Organized cleanups and provided advice about
  controlling infection, disease prevention, sewage
  disposal, and nutrition
• About twice as many soldiers on each side died
  from disease as from enemy gunfire

46
The Tide of War Turns
47
Victories for General Lee

• Battle of Fredericksburg (December 13, 1862)
• The Unions McClellan delayed after Antietam and
  was replaced with Ambrose Burnside
• - Burnside marched directly towards Richmond.
• Lees 79,000 met Burnsides 122,000 at
  Fredericksburg, Virginia on Rappahannock River.
• Burnside crossed the river without cover and wave
  after wave of Union troops were met with
  artillery fire
• 13,000 Union Casualties to only 5,000 Confederate
• Burnside asks to be relieved of his command

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• Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1, 1863)
• Lincoln appoints Gen. Joseph Hooker
• Plans to move around Fredericksburg secretly and
  attack Lee from behind his defenses.
• His forces were discovered by General J.E.B.
  Stuart. (a cavalry commander)
• Lee sends troops after Hooker
• After a brief skirmish, Lees forces under
  Jackson move into the thick woods and separate,
  attacking from several angles.
• Jackson mistakenly shot that night in the dark,
  dies on May 10th.
• Confederate army wins complete victory

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51
Build-up to Gettysburg

• Lowest point in the war for the Union
• Major losses at Fredericksburg Chancellorsville
• Rumors of Lincolns resignation / talk of peace
• Lee Moves North
• Seeking renewed resources / Victory in Union
  territory
• Hear word of shoe supply in Gettysburg PA
• - Skirmish with Union cavalry turned into the
  greatest battle ever fought in North America

52
Gettysburg Day 1 July 1st 1863

• Both Union and Confederate troops rush to the
  site of the skirmish
• General George Meade arrives only in command
  less than one week
• Fighting occurs between two ridges
• Confederates are able to push Union troops back
  to the hills. Fighting continued throughout the
  day. A confident Lee proposed (against
  advisement) to attack the Union troops early the
  next morning.

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www.echoesofgettysburg.com
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Gettysburg Day 2 July 2nd

• Gen. James Longstreet
• Not ready to attack with Union troops until 4pm!
• Gives Meade a chance to gather reinforcements and
  attack.
• Little Round Top!
• Vulnerable hill strategically important
• Could be used for cannon fire
• Union troops run out of ammo, defend the hill
  with bayonet charge
• Save Union from defeat

55
Gettysburg Day 3 July 3rd

• Begins with brief Confederate attack on north
  Union line.
• Battlefield falls silent after
• Early Afternoon 150 cannons fire to begin Lees
  infantry charge against the Unions center.
• Marches 15,000 troops Under General Pickett
• Only half of the troops return to Confederate
  lines after ½ hour of battle

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www.echoesofgettysburg.com
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Conclusion of Gettysburg

• Picketts charge ended the bloodiest battle of
  the Civil War
• Union Army
• 23,000 of 85,000 suffer casualties
• Confederate Army
• 28,000 of 75,000 suffer casualties
• Lee had lost 1/3 of his army for the second time
• Confederates retreat back to Virginia.

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www.echoesofgettysburg.com
59
Vicksburg, Mississippi

• The last point left in Confederate control on the
  Mississippi R.
• Strategically safe.
• On a hilltop
• Surrounded by swampland
• Only one area of dry land that could be used to
  attack

60

• Ulysses S. Grant commands Union troops.
• Made several previous attempts to bypass or
  attack the city.
• Moves far south and crosses the river, then
  attacks Mississippis capital at Jackson.
• Draws Confederate forces (under Pemberton) out of
  Vicksburg.
• Clash again at Champions Hill
• Confederates retreat to Vicksburg

61

• SIEGE A tactic in which an enemy is surrounded
  and starved in order to make it surrender.
• Grant uses Siege tactics
• Artillery fires 2,800 Shells per day for over a
  month.
• Residents dug caves in hillsides to hide from the
  artillery fire.
• On July 4th, 1863 Pemberton surrenders the
  Confederate troops.
• Why July 4th?
• Thought he would have the best chance at
  negotiating the terms of surrender.

62
The Importance of 1863

• Turning point of the war!
• Control of the Mississippi
• Confederacy cut in two
• Lees army runs out of reinforcements, has to
  retreat to Virginia.
• Never again threatens Union soil.

63
The Gettysburg Address

• Delivered on November 19th of 1863
• A ceremony held at Gettysburg, was designed to
  honor Union soldiers who had died there in
  battle. 15,000 were in attendance.
• The speech only lasted 2 minutes.
• Initially ignored because of its shortness, the
  address later became one of the most popular
  speeches in American History.

64
Chapter 11, Section 4

• Devastation and a New Freedom

65
A Change of Attitude

• The Confederate capital at Richmond, VA has a new
  feeling about its streets.
• Many cities set fire by Union troops, but the
  Confederates set Richmond ablaze on their own.
• African Americans welcome the arriving Union army
  with open arms.

66
A More Aggressive Gen. Grant

• Confederates hope to hold defenses until Union
  election in November of 1864
• Feel that another president may replace Lincoln
  and grant independence to the south.
• Lincoln puts Grant in charge of the Union army
  and brings him east to fight Lee
• Gen. William Sherman is placed in the west
• Both plan to beat the Confederates through
  greater population and industry.
• Grant plans to charge directly to Richmond,
  knowing that Lee will have to fight to defend the
  capital

67
Battle of the Wilderness

• 2 Day battle that begins on May 5th
• This is Lees first attempt to stop Grants
  march.
• Fought in the same location as the Battle of
  Chancellorsville.
• Fought in a dense forest The woods caught on
  fire!!!!
• Confusion occurs because of this
• Longstreet is shot only a short distance from
  where Jackson was shot the year before
• Grant loses many men but refuses to retreat
• He marches around the Confederates and continues
  towards Richmond

68
Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor

• May 8th - Spotsylvania
• Confederates catch up to the Union forces and a 2
  week battle follows.
• Grant suffers major casualties again but still
  follows his route to Richmond. Ensures Lincoln he
  will continue to fight.
• June 3rd Cold Harbor
• Grant mounts two attacks and again loses many
  troops. This time 7,000.

69
Siege at Petersburg

• A railroad center south of Richmond.
• Supplied food to the city.
• Grants attack fails and in two months he has
  lost 65,000 more of his troops.
• So many men died that some had pinned their
  name/address on their uniform so they could be
  identified.
• June 18th, 1864 Grant opts for siege tactics.
• Lee has trouble replacing casualties and tries to
  defend until the November election in the Union.

70
Shenandoah Valley

• Grant sends General Phil Sheridan to attack and
  destroy all transportation routes and crops.
• One home burned belonged to a relative of Robert
  E. Lee Henrietta Lee.
• This marks the beginning of Grants utter
  devastation of the South.

71
Sherman takes Georgia

• Same tactics as Grant with Atlanta as his goal.
• General Joseph Johnston would defend in the same
  way as Lee.
• Johnston was replaced by General James Hood who
  Jefferson Davis thought would be more aggressive
• A series of battles results in their retreat to
  Atlanta and Gen Sherman lays siege to Atlanta.
• Confederate army flees the city in early
  September.

72
Shermans March to the Sea

• Plans to march to capture Savannah.
• Torches the city of Atlanta before leaving
• Causes complete destruction for 300 miles.
• Destroys bridges, factories, railroads,
  livestock, crops and even homes.
• Arrives in Savannah and the Confederates have
  already fled. Easily takes the city.

73
Election of 1864

• Lincoln (Rep.) runs with Andrew Johnson
• Johnson was a Pro Union Southerner
• Lincoln faces trouble for his pocket Veto of the
  Wade Davis Bill. Union Party.
• Ran against Gen. McClellan - Democrat
• Thought his chances were good because he had
  support from some troops.
• Promised to negotiate an end to war
• Lincoln wins easily after Union capture of Atlanta

74
Freedom

• February 1865 Lincoln and Congress pass the
  Thirteenth Amendment.
• Became a law on December 18th
• The law ended slavery in the United States
  permanently.
• It becomes apparent that the war is nearly over.

75
End of the War.

• Sherman marches from Savannah to SC
• SC was seen as the basis for Confederate belief
  because it was the 1st state to secede.
• Even more brutal than he was in Georgia.
• Burns nearly all houses in his path
• Burns half of Columbia, the state capital, to the
  ground
• Stops the destruction of civilian property upon
  entering North Carolina.

76
Surrender at Appomattox

• Lee tries to reunite with Johnston to combine
  forces, but is cut off and retreats to the small
  town of Appomattox, Virginia.
• Lee knows the war is over despite suggestions to
  begin guerilla warfare.
• Lee and Grant meet in the house of Wilmer McLean.

77

• Terms of Surrender
• Lee and Grant talked peacefully and then
  exchanged plans for the surrender.
• Troops could return home with their horses.
• Would not be punished as traitors.
• Grant offered to feed the Confederate troops.
• Grant orders no celebration in the Union army
  because the southerners were our countrymen
  again
• Surrender met with mixed feelings in the south.
• Gen. Johnston surrenders to Sherman in NC a few
  weeks later
• Confederate surrender continues throughout the
  month

78
Lincolns Assassination

• Shot at Fords Theater in Washington D.C. by John
  Wilkes Booth
• Lincoln dies early the next morning after nothing
  could be done for him.
• Booth is found in a barn hiding, the barn is
  burned and shot at, killing him.
• A Tragic loss, but what was gained by the war?