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South Africa

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Title: South Africa & Apartheid Author: TaylorMadeOn520 Last modified by: Joseph Haynes Created Date: 3/10/2004 1:13:46 AM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: South Africa


1
South Africa Apartheid
2
Do or Die Assignment
  1. Define the term or person assigned.
  2. Terms Find out as much information as possible.
    May be as simple as a short definition or it may
    be a little longer.
  3. People Birth/Death, policies they created,
    social issues they are known for, books written,
    awards won, significance to South
    Africa/apartheid
  4. Present your information orally to the class.
    You DO NOT have to create or hand in anything!
    (unless you are absent)
  5. You can only receive a ZERO or 100 as a TEST
    GRADE!!!

3
Apartheid Terms Do or Die!
African National Congress Afrikaans Apartheid Bantu
Boer War Boer/Afrikaner Cape of Good Hope Freedom Charter
Johannesburg Kaffir Kloof Kraal
Johannesburg Kaffir KwaZulu Natal Sharpesville Massacre
National Party (in South Africa) Pickaninny Pretoria Sophiatown
National Party (in South Africa) Pickaninny Soweto  
Soweto Uprising Umfundisi Umnumzana Veld
Soweto Uprising Umfundisi   United Democratic Front
Zulu Alan Paton Amy Biehl Chinua Achebe
Daniel Malan F. W. de Klerk Hendrik Verwoerd Mark Mathabane
Nadine Gordimer Nelson Mandela Steven Biko  
4
Unusual Colonial History
  • Colonialism usually represents a struggle between
    a
  • group of colonized resisters and a single group
    of
  • colonizers.
  • South African colonialism represents a struggle
    between two sets of colonizers
  • The Dutch (strictly exclusionary)
  • The British (relatively accommodating)
  • The Dutch and British are struggling with each
    other, but also struggle with the resisters
  • the Natives

5
Arrival of the Dutch
  • The Dutch colonized the Cape of Good Hope in 1652
    (the southernmost part of South Africa).
  • The bulk of black people were located further
    inland and were quickly conquered.
  • The Dutch colonizers saw South Africa as an
    African New World and saw themselves as white
    pioneer settlers and proclaimed themselves
    Afrikaaners

6
Arrival of the British
  • The British seized the Cape colony in 1806.
  • A century of struggle
  • Tensions escalated when British started sending
    settlers in 1820
  • British settlers also saw the country as
    permanent home

7
The Great Trek
  • Finally, in 1835 most of the Afrikaners headed
    northeast to re-establish communities on their
    own terms
  • They began battling with the black population
  • Afrikaners were well established by 1841, but
    still had tension with British

8
Comparison between British Dutch Colonialism
  • Dutch (Afrikaner)
  • Concerned with establishing an egalitarian
    democracy amongst themselves
  • Thought they could retain control over their
    policies only if they could exclude
    non-Afrikaners (esp. blacks) from citizenship
  • Established states in the interior through
    conquest, and rejected any possibility of black
    inclusion their principle was no equality in
    the church or state
  • British
  • Not racially inclusive
  • BUT open to extending the rights of citizenship
    (right to vote) to blacks that were able to
    acquire property and a British education.
  • For vast majority of the black people, British
    were no different from Afrikaners, BUT for the
    tiny black elite, it made a world of difference.
  • Anglican church wanted to recruit the colonized

9
Union of South Africa
  • Boer War British defeated the Afrikaners in a
    1899-1902 war incorporated them into a policy
    that became the Union of South Africa in 1910.
  • Significant autonomy and representative
    institutions granted for whites and qualified
    blacks
  • Racial discrimination fact of life from day one!
  • Land Act of 1913

10
The Black Elite
  • The leaders dressed, talked and acted like
    British gentlemen
  • The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in
    1912 by this black elite
  • This resistance placed stress on the conscience
    of the British colonizer

11
African National Congress
  • ANC prepared to oppose the Land Act and turned to
    the Crown for help
  • For 30 years, the Crown did nothing to help them.

12
Afrikaner Resentment of the British
  • Resented the economic and cultural domination of
    the British
  • More Afrikaners in the country but the British
    were better off
  • Afrikaners largely farmers
  • South Africa was now British dominion
    Afrikaners did not want to fight for Britain

13
Afrikaner Resentment of the British
  • British mine owners decided to replace largely
    Afrikaner white workforce with Blacks (cheap
    labor).
  • Afrikaners status worsened as did their
    resentment of British and Blacks

14
National Party
  • Afrikaners decided to organize themselves and
    channel their anger through a political party
  • The National Party founded in 1913 to promote
    Afrikaners in business politics
  • Founders were moderates wanted to cooperate
    with British
  • The NP also formed a more militant group
    Broederbond

15
The Broederbond
  • Protestant men only
  • By invitation only
  • -In theory, it existed to promote Afrikaner
    culture and Calvinist religion
  • -In practice, it promoted Afrikaner supremacy
  • Party split in 1934 militant Daniel Malan
    became the leader

16
Rise of the National Party
  • Daniel Malan was the 4th prime minister of South
    Africa and stood for Afrikaner supremacy
  • Mobilized popular support
  • NP won elections in 1948. Remained in power
    until the shift to multi-racial democracy n 1994.

17
The National Party Era
  • Democracy for a few!
  • Used public resources exclusively for advancement
    of Afrikaners
  • Packed military and bureaucracy with supporters
  • Adopted policy of Apartheid (separateness)
    passed laws that completed separation of the races

18
Apartheid Legislation
  • Population Registration Act (1950) defined all
  • people as one of four racial categories
  • Whites people of European origin with no trace
    of other blood in their families
  • Coloreds includes people of mixed racial origin
    but also descendants of Malaysian and others
    brought to South Africa as slaves
  • Asians (Indians) colonial India
  • Africans (Blacks) everyone else whose family
    roots were on the continent

19
Apartheid Legislation
  • Prohibition of Mixed Marriages (1949)
    Immorality Acts (1950) banned marriage and sexual
    relations across racial lines
  • Native Laws Amendment Acts (1953) only Blacks who
    had been born there could live legally in urban
    areas
  • Extension of University Education Act (1959)
    prohibited Africans from attending the three
    major universities

20
Apartheid Legislation
  • Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)
    separate, segregated facilities
  • Suppression of Communist Act (1950) allowed
    state to ban people from political life
  • Pass Laws required Africans to carry internal
    passports when outside their homelands
  • Employers used these laws to enforce work
    discipline

21
Separate Nations
  • Hendrik Verwoerd became Prime Minister in 1958
  • In 1961, South Africa declared a republic
  • Shifted emphasis from racism to his theory of
    separate nations

22
The Homelands
  • Areas of rural South Africa set aside as
    homelands for black population
  • Supposedly given a degree of self-govt
  • The NP argued that blacks could enjoy the vote in
    their homelands
  • Homelands were less than a tenth of South
    Africas most infertile land and had puppet govts

23
The Homelands
  • Divided South Africa into different states
  • -Blacks citizens of impoverished homelands
  • -3 million sent to homelands
  • -Rest of country became first world, white
    majority state
  • -Forced relocation into urban areas part of
    Johannesburg was flattened 60,000 residents
    forced into a new slum, Soweto
  • Chief objective was to deny non-whites the fruits
    of white labors commerce and industry

24
  • the white man, therefore, not only has an
    undoubted stake and and a right to- the land
    which he developed into a modern industrial state
    from denuded grassland and empty valleys and
    mountains. But according to all the principles
    of morality it was his, is his, and must remain
    his.
  • -Hendrik Verwoerd

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27
Political Opposition to Apartheid
  • In 1940s, the ANC Youth League insisted that
    appeals to Crown were implausible
  • They offered a change to mass demonstration and
    civil disobedience

The colours of the ANC flag are black, green and
gold. Black symbolises the people, green the
fertility of the land, and gold the mineral
wealth beneath the soil. These colours were
adopted by the ANC in 1925.
28
Nelson Mandela
  • Born in 1918
  • Studied at all-black Fore Hare University
  • Expelled for participating in political
    demonstrations
  • Finished his B.A. by correspondence, earned law
    degree in 1942. One of first Africans to
    practice law in S. A.
  • Joined ANC and helped form the Youth League in
    1944

29
Politics of Mass Demonstration (1950s)
  • ANC had support but little organization
  • Earlier campaigns centered around issues
    important to elite
  • Held Defiance Campaign
  • Police harassment/ignored by government

30
The Congress of the People (1955)
  • ANC held on June 25 26, 1955
  • Adopted the Freedom Charter, a vision for a
    united, non racial and democratic South Africa

Crowd at Congress of the People (1955) to adopt Charter
31
The Freedom Charter (1955)
  • The people shall govern
  • Equal rights for all groups
  • Share countrys wealth
  • Share land
  • Enjoy equal human rights
  • Work and security
  • Equal education and culture
  • Housing, security and comfort
  • Peace and friendship

32
The Sharpeville MassacreMarch 21, 1960
  • The regime constantly harassed ANC
  • Young ANC leaders came to doubt that nonviolence
    was the answer
  • Mass demonstration turned into armed resistance
  • A large crowd of South Africans assembled in
    front of the Sharpeville police station to
    protest the pass laws. Tensions escalated
    the crowd threw rocks at police and the police
    retaliated with gunfire. 60 protesters were
    killed, 180 wounded. Some were shot in the back
    while trying to flee

33
Sharpeville Massacre
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35
Politics of Armed Resistance (1960s)
  • After the Sharpeville Massacre, te ANC built a
    new military wing headed by Nelson Mandela
  • They launched a sabatoge campaign
  • The regime used violence to ban the ANC and
    arrest its leaders
  • Nelson Mandela was arrested and spent 27 years in
    prison

36
White Opposition to Apartheid
  • Small but vocal The Progressive Party
  • Helen Suzman was a leader who spoke out against
    discrimination
  • Tried to improve conditions of political
    prisoners
  • White opposition newspapers denounced apartheid

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38
South African Students Organization
  • Young black activists moved away from non-racial
    ideology towards black consciousness
  • Steven Biko founded SASO in 1969
  • Philosophy was black assertiveness, unity, and
    reliance in trying to end the White rule

We know that all interracial groups in South
Africa are relationships in which whites are
superior, blacks inferior. So as a prelude whites
must be made to realize that they are only human,
not superior. Same with blacks. They must be made
to realize that they are also human, not
inferior." Steven Biko
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41
Cry Freedom
  • Film about Steven Bikos death
  • Based on Donald Woodss book, Biko

42
Cry Freedom
  • Students will be able to
  • understand how apartheid destroyed families and
    divided a nation
  • unravel the motives behind apartheid
  • articulate how awareness breaks down ignorance
    and leads to enlightenment
  • show how protest and human sacrifice are for the
    greater good
  • connect the struggle for apartheid to the
    struggle for civil and human rights in other
    nations

43
Banning Laws
  • A Banned Person could be/have
  • imprisoned without trial
  • sent to any other part of the country
  • followed and watched by police 24 hours a day
  • forbidden to speak in public
  • forbidden to travel
  • forbidden to be in a room with more than one
    person at a time (excluding immediate family)
  • forbidden to attend or join any organization
  • forbidden to protest or oppose any government
    policy
  • their passport taken away from them
  • their home or any other premises searched without
    a warrant
  • their home electronically bugged

44
Soweto Uprising
  • On the morning of June 16, 1976, thousands of
    students Soweto gathered at their schools to
    participate in a student-organized protest
    demonstration.
  • The cause for the march was student opposition to
    a decree issued by the Bantu Education Department
    that imposed Afrikaans as the language half the
    subjects in higher primary (middle school) and
    secondary school (high school). Since members of
    the ruling National Party spoke Afrikaans, black
    students viewed it as the "language of the
    oppressor." Moreover, lacking fluency in
    Afrikaans, African teachers and pupils
    experienced first-hand the negative impact of the
    new policy in the classroom.

45
Soweto Uprising
  • Policemen stopped the students and tried to turn
    them back. At first, the security forces tried
    unsuccessfully to disperse the students with tear
    gas and warning shots. Then policemen fired
    directly into the crowd of demonstrators. Many
    students responded by running for shelter, while
    others retaliated by pelting the police with
    stones.
  • That day, two students died from police gunfire
    hundreds more sustained injuries during the
    subsequent chaos that engulfed Soweto. The
    shootings in Soweto sparked a massive uprising
    that soon spread to more than 100 urban and rural
    areas throughout South Africa.

46
Amy Biehl
  • It was supposed to have been one of Amy Biehl's
    last days in South Africa. In only three days was
    scheduled to return to the United States. An
    idealistic Stanford graduate, Amy was completing
    a 10-month course of study as a Fullbright
    exchange scholar at the University of Western
    Cape Community Law Center where she had helped to
    develop voter registration programs for South
    African blacks and women as that nation's first
    all-race elections approached in April, 1994. Amy
    was scheduled to continue her promising academic
    career the following week as a new graduate
    student at Rutger's University in New Jersey. Amy
    never made it back to the United States alive.
  •       On August 25, 1993, while Amy was driving
    three black colleagues back to Cape Town's
    Guguletu Township, a group of youths pelted her
    car with stones and forced it to stop. Dozens of
    young men then surrounded the car repeating the
    militant Pan Africanist Congress chant, "One
    settler white person, one bullet!" Amy was then
    pulled from the car, struck in the head with a
    brick as she tried to flee, and then beaten and
    stabbed in the heart while she lay on the ground.
    During the attack, Amy's black friends yelled
    that she was a "comrade" and friend of black
    South Africa to no avail. Amy was carried back to
    the car after the attack by her friends who then
    drove her to the nearest police station where she
    died. Amy was 26 years old at the time of her
    murder.

47
Mass Resistance in 1970s
  • In 1976, black school children protested against
    discriminatory education policies police fire
    on the children.
  • Triggers a violent conflict in Soweto more than
    600 killed
  • Steven Biko was arrested for encouraging the
    protests died in police custody on Sept. 12,
    1977
  • Journalist Donald Woods broke story about Bikos
    execution. Hollywood made a movie Cry Freedom.

48
United Democratic Front
  • 600 civil society groups came together in 1983
  • Committed to non-racialism as a strategy
  • Resisted to the 1983 constitution that offered
    colored and Indian people a role in parliament
    but excluded Blacks

49
International Community
  • South Africa banned from Olympic games in 1960s
  • United Nations suspended South African membership
    in 1974
  • U. N. imposed arms embargo in 1977 declared
    apartheid a crime against humanity
  • American universities divested themselves of
    stocks in companies that did business in South
    Africa
  • Many American corporations pulled out of South
    Africa
  • Banks refused to roll over loans
  • In 1985, U. S. Congress passed a bill that
    outlawed further investment in South Africa

50
South African Govt Response
  • Reshaped the parliament big chamber for whites
    and two smaller chambers for coloreds and
    Indians.
  • -white supremacy preserved
  • Blacks (3/4 of population) got no representation
  • Indians and coloreds understood that these
    institutions were shams and boycotted elections
  • Pass laws lifted

51
South African Govt Response
  • NP govt grew more repressive
  • Crime continued and grew
  • Govt declared state of emergency
  • Political Stalemate
  • -govt could only rule with force
  • -Opposition too weak to overthrow govt
  • Leadership of ANC and NP began secret
    negotiations (including with Mandela, even though
    he was in prison)

52
Changes had to be made
  • Fredrik Willem de Klerk came to power in 1989.
    In 1990 he unbanned the ANC and other
    anti-apartheid groups
  • Nelson Mandela released from prison in 1990
  • In 1991, the Land Acts and Registration Acts were
    abolished
  • New constitution in 1993
  • First non-racial elections held in 1994 with
    Nelson Mandela being elected president.

53
Under Mandelas rule
  • Served 5 year term
  • Focused on social issues neglected during
    apartheid era unemployment, housing shortages,
    crime
  • Reintroduced South Africa to global economy
  • Created Truth and Reconciliation Committee (under
    Archbishop Desmond Tutu)
  • Lack of Political violence under Mandela

54
Characteristics of South African Writing
  • Plot is LEAST important
  • Setting, atmosphere, characterization, and theme
    are MOST important
  • Very little dialogue between characters
  • Most themes are social and political
  • The main purposes are to inform and persuade

55
Themes in South African Writing
  • -Reuniting family and nation
  • -Reconciliation between fathers and sons
  • -Tensions between urban and rural societies
  • -Vicious cycle of inequality and justice
  • -Relationship between Christianity and injustice

56
South African Literature
  • Cry the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton in 1948
  • Chinua Achebe, Nigerian author of Things Fall
    Apart
  • Mark Mathabane wrote Kaffir Boy, his
    autobiography published in 1986
  • Nadine Gordimer, author of The Train from
    Rhodesia, Crimes of Conscience, Bergers
    Daughter, various short stories

57
South Africa Today Demographics and Natural
Resources
  • Ethnic groups  as of 2009
  • 79.3 Black9.1 White9.0 Coloured2.6
    Asian4
  • 11 official languages listed in the Constitution
  • 25 unemployment
  • Agriculture - products
  • corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables beef,
    poultry, mutton, wool, dairy products
  • Industries
  • mining (world's largest producer of platinum,
    diamonds, gold, chromium), automobile assembly,
    metalworking, machinery, textiles, iron and
    steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs,
    commercial ship repair

58
Johannesburg
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Soweto
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62
Cape Town
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65
Apartheid Terms
  • Apartheid
  • Afrikaans
  • Bantu
  • Boer
  • Boer War
  • Cape of Good Hope
  • Curse of Ham
  • Soweto
  • Johannesburg
  • Kaffir
  • African National Congress
  • National Party (in South Africa)
  • Sharpeville Massacre
  • United Democratic Front
  • Freedom Charter
  • Amy Biehl
  • Daniel Malan
  • Nelson Mandela
  • F. W. de Klerk
  • Steven Biko
  • Nadine Gordimer
  • Mark Mathabane
  • Alan Paton
  • Hendrik Verwoerd
  • Population Registration Act
  • Group Areas Act
  • Influx Control Laws
  • Bantu Authorities Act
  • Pass Laws
  • Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act
  • Mixed Marriages Act
  • Immorality Act
  • Bantu Education Act

66
For Places
For People
  • Date of birth/death
  • Place of birth
  • Education, if any
  • If an activist
  • Beliefs
  • What they stood for
  • What they accomplished
  • Awards, if any
  • If an author
  • Most famous writings
  • Themes
  • Awards, if any
  • When/how discovered?
  • Population racial make-up, of people
  • Brief history of the area
  • What is the area known for?
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