Age%20of%20Early%20European%20Explorations%20

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The Age of Discovery
Chapter 6
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Expansion

• Europe made little progress since the Romans
  ruled.
• By 1650-all changed
• Mid-16th Century
• More people reaching adulthood
• Disease-less devastating
• Climate better

3
Markets

• Population increases
• Demand (Economics Class)
• Increases
• Supply can not keep up
• Problems
• Example-peasants move to cities
• Crime
• Violence
• Prostitution

4
Commercial Revolution

• New System of banking-money
• Capitalism-Free Market
• Individual-buy what they want
• Produce what they want
• Keep Profit
• Adam Smith-Wealth of Nations
• Invisible Hand-controls the economy
• No govt involvement is needed

5
Mercantilism

• Govt responsible to promote the countrys
  economy
• Limit imports-protect domestic goods
• Control natural resources
• Mother country
• Controls production of colonies
• England-Colonies

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Banks

• Develop in major E. Cities
• Joint Stock Companies
• England
• Investors share risk of exploring
• Win-Make money
• Lose-less risk involved
• Safer way to make money
• Let others do the hard work
• You take profit

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Fantastic lands

• Europeans fascinated w/ travel
• Exotic lands
• Mystery and excitement
• The Travels of John Mandeville
• Spoke of gold and wealth

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Money, money, money

• Trade opens up
• Seeking gold and riches
• Greatest motivator
• Creates competition

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Religion

• Crusade mentality
• Portugal and Spain-push Cath.
• Save lost souls of nat. am.
• Gold
• glory
• god.

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New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
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A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
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New Weapons Technology
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Canons
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How it happened

• Monarchies-power of king
• money to support exploration
• Increases - result of Renn.
• Portugal-too weak to rule Europe
• Go elsewhere
• Dominate early trade

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technology

• Better maps
• Navigational tools
• Understanding of Atlantic Ocean
• Better ships

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Prince Henry, the Navigator

• School for Navigation, 1419

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Henrys Motives

• Spread Christianity
• Money, money, money
• Hatred towards muslims
• Financial
• jealosy

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School for Navigators

• 1419
• Travel south
• West coast/Africa
• 1441-begin trading slaves

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Getting to Inda

• Vasco da Gama-Turns Cape of Good Hope
• Arrives in India-1498
• Christians and spices
• Returns with ginger, cinnamon and profit

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Wipe out competition

• Port. Destroy muslim trade
• 1509-Port. Armada (navy)
• Control trade

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Port get nasty

• Search more spices
• cut off hands of men
• noses and ears of women
• Port. Control spice trade and destroy Arab
  competition
• controlled trade along China and Indian coast
• Could not colonize-not strong enough

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Why so Good?

• Guns, guns and more guns
• Good seamanship
• Knew the way of the ocean
• How to fight and inflict pain when necc.

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Christofo Colon 1451-1506
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Christopher Columbus

• Italian-funded by Spanish
• Reach Asia-going West
• Oct 12,1492-reaches Bahamas
• Find gold and converts
• Opens up trade
• New voyages
• Did not discover America

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The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Popes
Line of Demarcation
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Others join da party

• Amerigo Vespucci - Florentine
• Wrote letters home
• Known as Amerigos letters
• America is born

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Magellan

• First to circumnavigate the earth
• Killed by natives
• one of five ships makes back to spain.
• Spanish dominate trade

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Conquistadors

• Greed and glory
• Privately paid
• Advanced weapons
• Internal conflicts
• Easy victories

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MesoAmerica

• Mexico and Central Am.
• Ancient Mayan civ.
• Advanced and complicated
• Aztecs move in
• Incredible civ.
• Modern day Mexico

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Hernan Cortes

• Conquers Aztecs
• Montezuma-Aztec Emperor
• Believes Cortes is Quetzalcoatl-god returning
• Monte-gives up
• Fear the Spanish
• Smallpox and disease
• Destroy-pyramids, palaces
• 1531-1550 Spanish control Mexico

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The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
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Encomienda System

• Queen Isabella-permitted Spanish to conquer and
  control natives
• Natives used for the gain and profit of Spanish
  in Peru and Mexico
• Laborers
• Work in gold and silver mines
• No pay-cruel
• 40 wiped out by disease

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Convert the workers

• Had to convert natives
• Return for right to enslave them
• So many died
• Look to African slaves

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The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares-old world
Creoles-new world
Mestizos Half N.A Half-Euro
Mulattos ½ African ½ Euro
Native Indians
Black Slaves
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The Slave Trade

• Practiced in Africa for centuries
• Brought to Europe
• Domestic servants
• Discovery of America-1492
• Sugar cane -southern colonies
• 1518-first slave ship lands in America
• By 19th cent. 10 million slaves-America

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Triangular Trade

• Conecting Europe, Africa and the Americas
• Guns and gin to Africa for slaves
• Slaves sold in Americas
• Europeans brought tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee
  back to Europe

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Slave Ship
Middle Passage
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Coffin Position Below Deck
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Impact of Slave Trade

• Devastated African life
• Demand increased-so did violence
• Using guns from earlier trades
• West Africa
• Flourishing-art and tech advances-16th cent.
• By 19 cent. Corrupt and in ruins

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Why use slaves?

• Western society-accepted slaves
• Africans were inferior
• Quakers-1770s
• Speak out against slavery
• French abolish-1790s
• British-1807
• America-1865

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Port. Arrive in India

• Port. Arrive 1498
• English and Dutch-follow
• 1650 England dominating trade
• Cotton needed for European clothes
• Create East India Co.

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East India Co.

• Joint Stock Co.
• Individuals buy shares in Co.
• Run by Board of Directors
• Investors receive dividends
• Money returned on original investment
• 30-40 profit
• Big time money
• Sir Robert Clive-founder

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The Americas

• West Indies
• French and English develop plantation systems
• Coffee, cotton and tobacco
• Britain - Jamaica 200,000 slaves
• French-St. Dominque-Haiti-500,000 slaves
• 100,000 tons of sugar a year produced

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British in N. America

• Originally Spanish claim N. Am.
• Dutch move in
• Henry Hudson-river-Bronx up to Albany
• Create New Netherlands
• English move in-New York
• Jamestown-1607-Virginia

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Impact on Conquered

• Nat. Am. Destroyed
• Disease and social structure wiped out
• China and Japan remain isolated

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Latin America

• Sp. Rulers authorize inter-racial marriage
• Mestizos-Nat. Am. and Europeans
• 8 million slaves-mulattoes
• Multi-racial
• Melting pot mentality

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Here come the Catholics

• Dominicans, Franciscans and Jesuits
• Enouraged natives grow crops
• Hospitals, orpahnages and schools.
• China-little impact
• Disagree over ancestor worship
• Pope against it

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Ugly white women

• Arrive from Europe
• Find Wealthy farmer to marry
• Have very ugly kids
• Ugly husband dies
• Leaves rich ugly wife

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